Chapter 7 - Anatomy

Question 1

What are the two parts that make up the skeletal system?

Answer 1

Axial and appendicular.

Question 2

(T/F) The axial skeleton consists of the upper and lower extremities.

Answer 2

False. The axial skeleton consists of the head, neck and trunk.

Question 3

What are the two most important functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 3

Leverage and support.

Question 4

What is a lever arm?

Answer 4

A lever arm is the distance from the axis or fulcrum to the point at which a force is applied to the lever.

Question 5

What is a fulcrum?

Answer 5

The pivot point of a lever.

Question 6

Name the three types of lever systems:

Answer 6

First class. Second class. Third class.

Question 7

What is the most rigid connective tissue found in the human body?

Answer 7

Bone.

Question 8

What is trabeculae?

Answer 8

Plates of calcified tissue that make up the innermost layer of bone.

Question 9

What is the strong fibrous membrane that offers strength and stiffness to the skeleton?

Answer 9

Periosteum.

Question 10

Give examples of a long bone:

Answer 10

Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, fibula, tibia, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges.

Question 11

Give examples of flat bones:

Answer 11

Ribs, ilium, sternum, scapula.

Question 12

What are irregular bones?

Answer 12

The bones found in the skull, pelvis, vertebrae and consist of spongy bone with thin compact bone on the exterior.

Question 13

What is Wolff’s Law?

Answer 13

A theory developed by the German anatomist and surgeon Julius Wolff (1836–1902) in the 19th century that states that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed.

Question 14

(T/F) One of the benefits of exercise is that it helps increase bone mass.

Answer 14

True.

Question 15

(T/F) The two categories of joints are synarthroses (non-synovial joints) and diarthroses (synovial joints).

Answer 15

True.

Question 16

The cartilaginous joints are made of what cartilage?

Answer 16

Fibrocartilage or hyaline growth cartilage.

Question 17

(T/F) In diarthrodial (synovial) joints, the end of the bones are free to move in relation to one another.

Answer 17

True.

Question 18

All synovial joints have what five characteristics?

Answer 18

(1) articular cartilage, (2) joint cavity, (3) articular (fibrous) capsule, (4) synovial membrane and (5) synovial fluid.

Question 19

What are proximal joints? Give examples:

Answer 19

Are the most proximal and the foundation for the extremities (shoulder/hip). These joints generally have the greatest freedom of movement and have a great deal of muscular support in fan-shaped arrangements.

Question 20

What are distal joints? Give examples:

Answer 20

Complex in structure (wrist, ankle) with a variety of motions available with intricate control.

Question 21

Define the term agonist. Give an example:

Answer 21

A muscle that is most effective in causing a certain joint movement. Biceps brachii in a biceps curl.

Question 22

What opposes the agonist?

Answer 22

Antagonist.

Question 23

What is a synergist? Give an example:

Answer 23

A synergist is when two muscles have a common joint action but also have a joint action that opposes each other. The synergy occurs during the common joint action. Example: Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi during internal rotation of the humerus.

Question 24

(T/F) A stabilizer is a muscle or set of muscles that steady or support a joint so another muscle or sets of muscles may move a portion of the body.

Answer 24

True.

Question 25

Which muscle dorsiflexes the foot?

Answer 25

Tibialis Anterior.

Question 26

What are the three major components of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 26

Bones, skeletal muscle, connective tissue.

Question 27

What is the action of the rectus abdominis?

Answer 27

Compresses the abdomino-pelvic cavity; and flexes the vertebral column.

Question 28

What is the action of the transversus abdominis?

Answer 28

Compresses the abdomino-pelvic cavity.

Question 29

What is the origin of the serratus anterior?

Answer 29

Outer surface of the first nine ribs.

Question 30

What is the insertion of the pectoralis major?

Answer 30

Greater tubercle of the humerus.

Question 31

What nerve innervates the deltoid?

Answer 31

Axillary nerve.

Question 32

What is the insertion of the biceps brachii?

Answer 32

Tuberosity of the radius.

Question 33

What is the origin of the brachioradialis?

Answer 33

Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.

Question 34

What is the insertion of the psoas major? Actions?

Answer 34

Lesser trochanter of the femur. Flex the thigh; flex the trunk on the femur.

Question 35

What makes up the posterior oblique system?

Answer 35

The posterior oblique system consists of the latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus and the intervening thoraco-lumbar fascia.

Question 36

What makes up the anterior oblique system?

Answer 36

The anterior oblique system consists of the obliques and the contralateral adductor muscles and the intervening abdominal fascia.

Question 37

What makes up the deep longitudinal system?

Answer 37

The deep longitudinal system includes the erector spinae, the deep lamina of the thoraco-lumbar fascia, the sacrotuberus ligament and the biceps femoris muscle.

Question 38

What muscles make up the inner unit?

Answer 38

The inner unit consists of the multifidus, transversus abdominis, diaphragm and the pelvic floor.

Question 39

What role does a muscle fiber’s arrangement play?

Answer 39

Slow twitch and fast twitch. Slow twitch—type 1, red fiber, oxidative fibers, fatigue resistant. Fast twitch—type 2, white fibers, divided into type 2a and 2b, type 2a have moderate glycolytic and high oxidative capacities, type 2b have high glycolytic and low oxidative capacities.

Question 40

What is a hinge joint?

Answer 40

Hinge—elbow and knee, this movement is limited to extension and flexion.

Question 41

What is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 41

Ball and Socket—shoulder and hip, this movement provides the widest range of motion in all plane.