Chapter 2 - Exercise Physiology

Question 1

What is the basic unit of life?

Answer 1

The Cell. It produces energy in the body as ATP.

Question 2

Name the three energy systems:

Answer 2

a) ATP–Creatine–Phosphate system
b) Glycolysis
c) Aerobic Oxidation

Question 3

Which energy systems are anaerobic? aerobic?

Answer 3

The ATP–CP–System and Glycolysis are considered anaerobic. The Aerobic Oxidation system is aerobic.

Question 4

(T/F) The term anaerobic means oxygen is not required to function.

Answer 4

True.

Oxygen is not required to function.

Question 5

Give three examples of activities that primarily requires use of the ATP–CP system:

Answer 5

Weight lifting, sprinting, tennis.

Question 6

What is Glycolysis? How long does it last?

Answer 6

Glycolysis is the breakdown of carbohydrates to pyruvate or lactate to produce ATP. It lasts from ten seconds to three minutes.

Question 7

What is lactate threshold?

Answer 7

The accumulation or rise in lactate.

Question 8

What is glucose? Where is it stored? What is it stored as?

Answer 8

Blood sugar and is the main source of anaerobic ATP production. Glucose is stored in the muscles and liver. Glucose is stored as glycogen.

Question 9

What is Aerobic Oxidation?

Answer 9

The aerobic pathway to produce ATP.

Question 10

What part of the musculoskeletal system allows the human body to move?

Answer 10

Skeletal muscle.

Question 11

What are three types of connective tissue that encompass muscle?

Answer 11

Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium.

Question 12

What is a myofibril? What are the two myofilaments that compose a myofibril?

Answer 12

The smallest unit of a muscle cell. Actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments.

Question 13

What are the two types of muscle fiber? Explain the difference between the two:

Answer 13

Type I and Type 2. Speed of contraction and force output.

Question 14

What muscle fiber type is predominantly involved in activities such as sprinting, power lifting and the high jump?

Answer 14

Type2b.

Question 15

Define the All or None principle:

Answer 15

When a myofiber is innervated by a nerve cell, the myofibrils contract totally or not at all.

Question 16

What are the three types of contraction? List them in the order of strength from strongest to weakest.

Answer 16

Eccentric, Isometric, Concentric

Question 17

Define concentric strength:

Answer 17

The amount of musculoskeletal force to overcome a resistance by a shortening of the muscle fibers.

Question 18

Define eccentric strength:

Answer 18

The amount of musculoskeletal force displayed when a muscle is lengthened under tension.

Question 19

What is the function of blood?

Answer 19

Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells if the body. Blood also retrieves waste products from the cells and carries them to be expelled or metabolized.

Question 20

Define periodicity (periodization):

Answer 20

Periodicity is the gradual cycling of specificity, intensity or volume of training to achieve a specific goal.

Question 21

What is the overload principle?

Answer 21

The amount to challenge the musculoskeletal system with unaccustomed stimulation such as, but not limited to, increased weight, speed, or volume of training (number of sets or reps).

Question 22

What are the five major factors that effect training?

Answer 22

Level of fitness, intensity, duration, frequency, genetics.

Question 23

Explain the difference between using free weights and selectorized equipment:

Answer 23

Free weights can be used in several exercises, but not all; selectorized uses only select muscle groups.
Free weights are functional, real life easy to transport; selectorized doesn’t require a spotter, safer and easier to change resistance.
Free weights require more technique; machines do not fit everyone and can limit ROM.
Free weights usually require more stabilization than machines.

Question 24

What is ATP?

Answer 24

Adenosine Triphosphate.

ATP is the currency or “pocket change” your body will use to pay for “work.”

Question 25

What would afferent information be?

Answer 25

Afferent information is nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system.

Question 26

What is a motor unit?

Answer 26

A single motor neuron and all of the corresponding muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 27

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 27

Skeletal, cardiac and visceral.

Question 28

What are the prime movers or agonists in a bicep curl?

Answer 28

Biceps Brachii, brachioradialis and brachialis.

Question 29

What would be the training heart rate of 70% be for a 32 year-old female with a resting heart rate of 72?

Answer 29

220 - Age x % = THR = 131.6 or
220 - Age - RHR x % + RHR = THR = 153.2 or
220 - Age x % x 1.15 = THR = 151.34 (beats per minute)

Question 30

Give a few examples of signs if overtraining.

Answer 30

Elevated resting heart rate, difficulty sleeping, fatigue, excessive weight loss, excessive soreness.

Question 31

What time of the day are the highest levels of blood secretion levels of growth hormone released.

Answer 31

At night.

Question 32

Describe the ATP/CP System.

Answer 32

It is the body’s immediate energy system that lasts 1-10 seconds. ATP must be continuously replenished. When ADP combines with Creatine Phosphate (CP), ATP stores are replenished immediately. Because the body’s cells can store about 4–6x more CP than ATP.

Question 33

What is Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?

Answer 33

An ester of adenosine that is converted to ATP for energy storage

Question 34

(T/F) Lactate can be used as a source of energy.

Answer 34

True.

It can be converted back into glycogen by the liver to make new glucose by a process called Gluconeogenesis.

Question 35

What causes muscle fatigue?

Answer 35

It is the accumulation of hydrogen ions (H+), rather than the lactate molecule, that causes muscle acidosis and the ensuing quick fatigue or “burn,” and which can cause tetanus.

Question 36

Muscles that cause flexion at a joint are called?

Answer 36

Flexors.

Question 37

Muscles that cause extension at a join are called?

Answer 37

Extensors.

Question 38

Muscles that cause rotation at a joint are called?

Answer 38

Rotators.

Question 39

What is Co-Contraction, or isometric contraction?

Answer 39

When the agonist and the antagonist contract simultaneously. This provides joint stability.

Question 40

What muscles have a tendency to be overactive/tight? They are constantly “on.”

Answer 40

Tonic muscles. Their main function is joint stability. They are constantly “on.” It’s important to keep them in mind when designing a training program.

[Triceps surae, rectus femoris, psoas, quadratus lumborum, upper trapezius, suboccipital, adductors, tensor fascia latae, erector spinae, pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid, deep abdominals.]

Question 41

What muscles have a tendency to be inhibited? They are either “on” or “off.”

Answer 41

Phasic muscles. They are characterized by a high proportion of fast-twitch fibers and the crossing of more than one joint. Their main function is mobility.

[Tibialis anterior, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, logus capitis & colli, digastrics, triceps brachii, rectus abdominis, lower/middle trapezius, deltoids, biceps brachii, vastus medialis, hamstrings]

Question 42

What are spurt muscles?

Answer 42

Muscles that have their distal tenden close to the joint axis, as in biceps brachii. They have a major rotary component.

Question 43

What are shunt muscles?

Answer 43

Muscles that have their distal tendon far from the joint axis. They usually act as joint stabilizers.

Question 44

Define exercise physiology:

Answer 44

The study of the cellular functions in the human body before, during and after exercise.