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Anatomny > Chapter 7 A Axial SKeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 7 A Axial SKeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System

A

is an organized and orderly arrangement of osseous tissue

  • 206 in typical adult skeleton
  • start at 270 at birth but decreases with fusion
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2
Q

2 primary regions of the skeleton:

A
  • axial skeleton
  • appendicular skeleton
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3
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum and sacrum

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4
Q

appendicular skelton

A

upper and lower limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles

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5
Q

axial skelton

A

forms longitudinal axis of body (80 bones)

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6
Q

bones of the axial skelton

A
  • skull

8 cranial,14 facial bones, 6 auditory ossicles & hyoid bone

  • vertebral column

24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx

  • thoracic cage

24 ribs and sternum

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7
Q

Functions of axial skelton bones

A

-supports/protects organs and provides extensive surface area for muscle attachment

  • adjustment of head, neck, and trunk
  • respiration
  • stabilization of the appendicular skeleton
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8
Q

Skull

A

protects the brain and provides entrance to respiratory and digestive system

  • bones joined together by sutures
  • immovable joints of the skull*
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9
Q

Skull has 22 bones

A
  • 8 cranial bones
  • 14 facial bones
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10
Q

8 cranial bones

A

that form the cranium

  • encloses fluid-filled cranial cavity
  • cushions and supports brain*
  • bones contact the meninges on inside and muscles outside
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11
Q

14 facial bones

A

protect and support entrances to respiratory/digestive systems

  • protect entrances to respiratory/digestive tracts
  • attachment of facial and jaw muscles
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12
Q

Sinuses

A

are cavities that decrease the weight skull
-lined with mucus membranes

  • filters the air entering the respiratory system
  • add resonance to voice
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13
Q

4 major skull sutures

A

coronal suture

joins frontal & parietal

sagittal suture
joins parietal
squamous suture
joins parietal & temporal
lambdoid suture
joins occipital & parietals

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14
Q

Frontal Bone Forms

A
  • forehead, part of the cranium and roof of the orbits
  • contains frontal sinus
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15
Q

Marks of the frontal bone

A

-frontal squama (forehead)
-supraorbital margin
protects eye
-supraorbital foramen
for blood vessels of eyebrows, eyelids, and frontal sinuses

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16
Q

Parietal Bone Forms:

A
  • superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium
  • bordered by 4 sutures
  • coronal, sagittal, lambdoid and squamous
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17
Q

Marks of parietal bone

A
  • superior and inferior temporal lines
  • attachment of temporalis muscle
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18
Q

Temporal bone

A

forms lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches, articulates with mandible and protects inner ear

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19
Q

Parts of the temporal Bone

A

squamous part

  • zygomatic process
  • mandibular fossa

tympanic part

  • external auditory meatus

mastoid part

  • mastoid process
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20
Q

Petrous part

A

houses middle and inner ear cavities

-receptors for hearing and sense of balance

  • cochlea
  • vestibular complex
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21
Q

Internal Auditory meatus

A

opening for the vestibulocochlear nerve

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22
Q

Temporal Bone Specializations

A
  • *Carotid canal**
  • passageway for internal carotid artery
  • *Jugular foramen**
  • passageway for drainage of blood to internal jugular vein
  • *Auditory ossicles:**
  • malleus, incus, and stapes in tympanic cavity
  • transfers sound from tympanic membrane to inner ear
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23
Q

Occipital Bone

A

forms rear and inferior surface of the cranium

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24
Q

Marks of the occupital Bone

A

-occipital condyles

  • articulation point of atlas
  • external occipital protuberance
  • attaches nuchal ligament

binds skull to neck

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25
Q

Foramen magnum

A

is the major opening of occipital bone

  • allows spinal cord to exit cranium
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26
Q

Sphenoid

A

forms part of cranial floor; joins cranial and facial bones

  • strengthens sides of the skull and contains sphenoidal sinuses
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27
Q

Parts of sphenoid

A

-body

  • sella turcica
    - houses pituitary gland
  • superior orbital fissures

lesser wing

  • optic canal
  • allows passage of optic nerve from eye to brain

-greater wing

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28
Q

Ethmoid

A

forms part of the cranial floor & lateral/roof walls nasal cavity

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29
Q

Ethmoid Bone plates

A

-cribriform plate

  • olfactory foramina
    - passageway for olfactory nerves

crista galli

  • serves as a membrane stabilization point for brain

-perpendicular plate
forms part of nasal septum

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30
Q

2 lateral masses of ethmoid

A

-ethmoidal labyrinth

  • ethmoidal air cells form ethmoid sinuses
  • nasal chonchae (superior and middle)
  • cleanse, humidify, and warm inhaled air
  • house olfactory cells
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31
Q

Damage to the ethmoid (upward blow to the nose) can cause

A

loss of smell, brain damage and even death

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32
Q

facial bones

A

have no contact with the brain or meninges
-give shape and individuality to the face

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33
Q

9 crucial bones (14 total)

A
  • *-2 maxillae
  • 2 zygomatic bones
  • 2 nasal bones
  • 2 inferior nasal chonchae
  • 1 mandible**
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34
Q

Maxiallary Bones

A

forms upper jaw, inferior wall of orbit, external nares, and anterior 2/3’s of hard palate

  • largest facial bones
  • contain maxillary sinuses
  • largest sinuses
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35
Q

parts of maxillary bones

A

-alveolar processes are bony points between teeth
sockets formed hold teeth
-incisive foramen
incomplete closure results in cleft palate

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36
Q

Zygomatic Bones

A

form the angles of the cheekbones and part of lateral orbital wall

37
Q

Specialization of Zygomatic Bones

A

-zygomatic arch
processes of zygomatic bone and temporal bone

38
Q

Nasal Bones

A

form bridge of nose

  • supports cartilages of nose
  • attaches external nares
39
Q

Nasal bones are often fractured by

A

blow to nsoe

40
Q

Inferior Nasal Chonchae

A

are not part of ethmoid
-separate bone

41
Q

Inferior nasal chonchae increase the epithelial surface area and create air turbulence in the nasal cavity

A

warm, humidify, and cleanse inhaled air

42
Q

Mandible

A

forms the lower jaw and is the only movable bone of the skull
-holds the lower teeth

43
Q

Parts of the Mandible

A
  • *-ramus
  • body
  • angle of mandible**
  • masseter attachment
44
Q

Body

A

is horizontal part of mandible; gives mandible it’s strength
–alveolar processes
support the lower teeth
-mental protuberance
attaches face muscles

45
Q

Ramus

A

ascends from the mandiblular angle

-condylar process
articulates with temporal bone at temporomandibular joint
-coronoid process:
insertion point for temporalis muscle (closes the jaws)
-mandibular notch:
separates condylar and coronoid processes

46
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

47
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

supports/attaches muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue
-body

  • attaches muscles of larynx, tongue, and pharynx

-greater horns (greater cornua)
supports larynx; attaches muscles of tongue

-lesser horns (lesser cornua)
supports hyloid and larynx

48
Q

Infant Skull

A

Grows rapidly and is lare compared to the boyd; fusion is not complete at birth

2 frontal bones and 4 occipital bones

49
Q

Fontanelles

A

are spaces between unfused bones in infant skulls

-allow shifting of bones during birth and growth of brain

50
Q

Changes after birth

A
  • 2 frontal bones fuse by age six
  • metopic suture
  • skull reaches adult size by 8 or 9
51
Q

Vertebral Column

A

protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body

-transfers weight to lower appendicular skeleton

52
Q

Vertebrae form an s-shaped column with 4 curvature regions

A
  • cervical (C) - 7
  • thoracic (T) - 12
  • lumbar (L) - 5
  • sacrum and coccygeal
53
Q

Primary Curves (accomadation)

A
  • thoracic and sacral
  • present during fetal development; accomodate internal organs
54
Q

Secondary Curves (compenstaion)

A

lumbar and cervical

  • appear after birth; shift body weight for upright posture
55
Q

Cervical curvatures develop from a baby lifting its head while walking upright

A

develops lumbar curvature

56
Q

Abnormal spinal curvature results from

A

disease, posture, paralysis or congenital defect

57
Q

3 abnormal curvatures

A

scoliosis
lacks proper development of one vertebrae
kyphosis
osteoporosis
lordosis
weak abdominal muscles

58
Q

Parts of vertebrae

A

vertebral body

  • transfers weight along spine

vertebral arch

  • pedicles (arch walls)
  • laminae (roof of arch)

articular processes

  • spinous process
  • transverse process

-lateral projections of vertebral arch

59
Q

Intervertebral Foramen

A

are notches between adjacent vertebrae
-passageway for nerves

60
Q

Intervertebral Discs

A

bind vertebrae together and absorb shock
-pads of fibrocartilage

61
Q

Disc structure

A

gelatinous nucleus pulposus surrounded by anulus fibrosus

62
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

-small body

  • supports only weight of the head

-large vertebral foramen

  • largest part of spinal cord

-notched (bifid) spinous process

  • except for C1 (atlas)
63
Q

Transverse processes are used to costal processes

A

creates transverse foramina

  • protects vertebral blood vessels
64
Q

Atlas

A

(C1) supports skull and is a ring surrounding a large vertebral foramen

  • no vertebral body]
  • concave superior articular facet
                  nod your head in “yes” movement
65
Q

Axis

A

(C2) attaches and supports the atlas

  • dens is held in place inside the vertebral foramen of the atlas by ligaments
  • allows rotation of head “no
66
Q

Vertebra prominens(c7)

A
  • transitions to thoracic vertebrae and has a long spinous process with a broad tubercle
  • has large transverse processes for additional muscle attachment
67
Q

Ligamentum nuchae

A

(elastic ligament) extends from C7 to skull

-helps to raise head from downward position

68
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

A
  • have heart-shaped bodies
  • larger than cervical but smaller than lumbar
  • long, slender spinous processes
  • angled downward
  • smaller vertebral foramen than in C1–C7
69
Q

Dorsolateral surfaces

A

have costal facets
articulate with heads of ribs

70
Q

Transverse costal facets

A

are located on thick transverse processes for rib articulation

71
Q

Rib attachment

A
  • T1–T10 articulate with 2 pairs of ribs
  • superior and inferior costal facets
  • T11–T12 articulate with 1 pair of ribs
  • T11–T12 transition to lumbar vertebrae and do not contact transverse processes
  • called “floating ribs”
72
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

A
  • largest vertebrae with oval-shaped bodies
  • thicker than T1–T12 bodies
  • triangular vertebral foramen
73
Q

Superior articular

A

processes face medially
-resist twisting movements

74
Q

Spinous process

A

is short and heavy
attachment of lower back muscles

75
Q

Sacrum

A

is curved and protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs
-

consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae

  • fuse between puberty and ages 25–30 leaving transverse lines
76
Q

Parts of Sacrum

A

-base is the broad superior surface

  • ala are wings at side of the base used to attach muscles

-apex is the narrow inferior portion that articulates with the coccyx

  • sacral hiatus is the opening at the inferior end of the sacral canal

median sacral crest are fused spinous processes with 4 pairs of sacral foramina

auricular surface is the thick, flattened area that articulates with pelvic girdle (sacroiliac joint)

77
Q

coccyx

A

consists of 3 to 5 fused coccygeal vertebrae

  • attaches ligaments and muscles of pelvic floor
78
Q

coccygeal cornua

A

formed by laminae of 1st coccygeal

  • attachment point of sacrum
79
Q

can be fractured by fall or during childbirth

A

coccyx

80
Q

Thoracic Cage

A

is skeleton of the chest and is the attachment site for pectoral girdle

-consists of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum (breastbone

81
Q

Functions of the thoracic Cage

A

protect organs of the thoracic cavity

  • heart, lungs, and thymus

respiration

  • rhythmically expanded by respiratory muscles to draw air into the lungs
  • allows for muscular movement of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs
82
Q

Sternum

A

is a flat bone located in the midline of the thoracic wall

83
Q

Parts of the sternum

A

manubrium

  • triangular portion of sternum that articulates with collarbones and cartilage of 1st rib pair

body

  • articulates with ribs 2-7

xiphoid process

  • attached to the sternal body and to the diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles
  • the smallest part of the sternum; easily broken
84
Q

Ribs

A

are 12 pairs of long, curved, flat bones extending from the thoracic vertebrae

-flexible, mobile, and can absorb shock

  • head articulates with body of vertebrae
  • tubercle articulates with transverse process
85
Q

Ribs are dived into two types

A

true and false ribs

86
Q

True Ribs (1-7)

A

are connected to the sternum by costal cartilages

87
Q

False Ribs

A

do not attach directly to the sternum

  • vertebrochondral ribs (8–10)
  • fuse together and merged with cartilage before reaching the sternum
  • floating ribs (11–12)
  • connect only to the vertebrae
88
Q
A

Anatomny (6 decks)

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