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Anatomny > Chapter 10:Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 10:Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

is a primary tissue type specialized for movement

  • movement of body, maintain stability (posture)
  • soft tissue support
  • guard body openings
  • thermoregulation
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2
Q

Muscular system

A

references skeletal muscle:

  • muscles of the head, neck and trunk
  • muscles acting on upper and lower limbs and their girdles
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3
Q
A

Muscle Tissue

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4
Q

Skeletal Muscle Shapes

A

are classified according to the orientation of the fascicles

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5
Q

5 classifications of muscles:

A

parallel muscles have fascicles parallel to long axis of the muscle

  • biceps brachii and rectus abdominis

convergent muscles are broad at origin and taper to a narrow insertion

  • pectoralis major

pennate muscles have fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon; develop more tension than parallel muscles

  • unipennate, bipennate or multipennate
  • extensor digitorum, rectus femoris and deltoid

circular muscles (sphincter) “ring” around a body opening

  • orbicularis oculi, pyloric valve and anal sphincters
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6
Q

Fascicle orientation affects

A

power, range, and speed of muscle movement

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7
Q
A

Skeletal Muscle Shapes

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8
Q

Leverst

A

Levers are rigid objects that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum

  • provides mechanical advantage when effort overcomes resistance
  • mechanical advantage increases output of force (power) or move objects faster (speed)
  • bones are levers, joints are fulcrums, and muscle is effort
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9
Q

Three kinds of levers:

A

first-class - fulcrum lies between applied force (AF) and the load (L)

  • output and speed usually in balance

second-class - load (L) is between applied force (AF) and fulcrum

  • more output but less speed

third-class - applied force (AF) is between load (L) and fulcrum

  • less output but more speed
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10
Q

Muscles have 1 fixed point of attachment (origin) and 1 moving point of attachment (insertion)

A
  • origin is usually proximal to insertion
  • most muscles originate or insert on the skeleton
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11
Q

Origin and insertion are relative terms;

A

action of muscle determines both points

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12
Q

Actions are produced by

A

muscle contraction
muscles work in groups to maximize efficiency

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13
Q

3 types of coordinated muscle actions:

A

-prime mover (agonist) produces most of force

-synergist aids the prime mover
stabilizes the nearby joint and modifies/assists the direction of movement

-antagonist opposes the prime mover
prevents excessive movement and injury

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14
Q

Muscles work in

A

pairs and in opposition

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15
Q

Muscles of the face are

A

small and insert into the dermis

  • innervated by facial nerve (CN VII)
  • paralysis causes face to sag (Bells palsy)
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16
Q

Muscles of the face:

A

frontalis
elevates eyebrows
obicularis oculi
closes eyes
buccinator
moves food around the cheeks
obicularis oris
closes/protrudes lips
platysma
tenses neck (and depresses mandible)

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17
Q
A

Muscle of Facial Expression

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18
Q

Extra-ocular muscles

A

(extrinsically) responsible for eye movement
* muscles insert on sclera of eye

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19
Q

6 eye muscles:

A

inferior rectus
eye looks down
medial rectus
eye looks medially
superior rectus
eye looks up
lateral rectus
eye looks laterally
superior and inferior obliques
eye looks laterally up/down

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20
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

attach to the mandible

  • responsible for chewing
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21
Q

Muscles of mastication:

A

temporalis
elevates mandible
masseter
elevates mandible
strongest jaw muscle
medial pterygoid
produces lateral swinging of jaw

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22
Q

Tongue

A

shifts food onto teeth and pushes it into pharynx

  • muscles connect tongue to hyoid, styloid process, palate and inside of chin
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23
Q

Muscles of tongue:

A

genioglossus

hyoglossus

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24
Q

Muscles of the neck

A

are responsible for movement or swallowing

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25
Q

Muscles of the neck:

A

digastric
opens mouth widely
mylohyoid
elevates floor of mouth
initial stage of swallowing
sternocleidomastoid
upward tilt of head
laryngeal/pharyngeal elevators and constrictors

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26
Q

Erector spinae group

A

Erector spinae group spans the vertebral column

3 columns of muscle
iliocostalis lumborum
longissimus thoracis
spinalis thoracis

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27
Q

Semispinalis groups run vertebrae to vertebrae and extends vertebral column

name the three groups

A

semispinalis capitis
semispinalis cervicis
semispinails thoracis

28
Q

Diaphragm

A

is a muscular dome between thoracic and abdominal cavities

  • flattens during contraction
  • increases dimension of the thorax to draw air into the lungs and raises the abdominal pressure
    - helps expel urine/feces and aids in childbirth
29
Q

Intercostal muscles

A
  • *Intercostal muscles**
  • externals extend down and anteriorly from rib to rib
  • pull ribcage up and outward during inspiration
  • internals extend up and anteriorly from rib to rib
  • pull ribcage downward during forced expiration
30
Q

Trunk muscles compress the abdomen, depress the ribs, and flex the spine

A

external oblique runs downward towards the anterior

internal oblique runs upwards towards the anterior

rectus abdominis is vertical and runs from xiphoid process to pubis symphysis

transverse abdominis has a horizontal fiber orientation and is the deepest layer

31
Q

Muscles of the pelvic floor (perineum)

A

support the viscera and control movement of material passing through urethra and anus

  • diamond-shaped region bounded by pubic symphysis, coccyx and ischial tuberosities
  • penetrated by anal canal, urethra and vagina (female)
  • anterior is urogenital triangle; posterior is anal triangle
32
Q

Hernias

A

Hernias are protrusions of viscera through muscular wall of abdominopelvic cavity

33
Q

name the 3 hernia types

A

inguinal hernia (most common)
viscera enter inguinal canal or even the scrotum
rare in women

hiatal hernia
stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax
overweight people over 40

umbilical hernia
viscera protrude through the navel

34
Q

Muscles of the pectoral girdle

A

originate on axial skeleton and insert onto clavicle or scapula

-allow for rotation, elevation, protraction, and retraction of shoulder

35
Q

Important pectoral girdle muscles:

A

pectoralis minor (anterior)

serratus anterior (anterior)

trapezius (posterior)

rhomboideus minor (posterior)

rhomboideus major (posterior)

36
Q

Muscles acting on humerus are _____ _____in flexion and extension

A

prime movers

37
Q

axial group

A

pectoralis major
produces forward swing of arm

latissimus dorsi
produces backward swing of arm

38
Q

scapular group

A
  • deltoid

flex, extend, and abduct arm

  • subscapularis

medially rotate shoulder

  • infra- and supra- spinatus

abduct shoulder (supra); laterally rotate shoulder (infra

39
Q

Muscles of the rotator cuff

A

help reinforce the joint capsule

40
Q

2 groups:
of rotator cuff muscles

A

posterior scapula
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor

anterior scapula
subscapularis

41
Q

Muscles acting on the elbow

A

are capable of flexion, extension, pronation, and supination

42
Q

Muscles acting on the elbow

A

Principal flexors
biceps brachii
brachialis
synergist
Prime extensor
triceps brachii

43
Q

Muscles of the forearm

A

flex/extend wrist and act on the fingers

44
Q

Muscles of anterior forearm (flexion):
=

A 
**flexor digitorum profundus**
 inserts into (distal) fingers
**flexor pollicis longus**
 inserts into thumb
45
Q

Muscles of posterior forearm (extension):

A

extensor digitorum
inserts into fingers
spreads fingers apart when extending

extensor pollicis brevis
inserts into thumb

46
Q

Muscles acting on hip are responsible for:

A

flexion and extension of thigh

stabilization of trunk on femur

47
Q

Anterior hip:

A

iliopsoas muscle (major hip flexor)

  • iliacus portion arises from iliac fossa
  • psoas portion arises from lumbar vertebrae
48
Q

Posterior hip:

A

gluteus maximus (prime hip extensor)

  • forms mass of the buttock

provides most of lift when you climb stairs

gluteus medius and minimus

  • shifts body weight when foot is lifted
49
Q

Muscles acting on femur are responsible

A

for adduction and flexion

50
Q

Medial muscles of femur:

A

adductor magnus
extensor and adductor

pectineus, adductor brevis and longus
flexors and adductors

gracilis
flexor of knee

51
Q

Muscles acting on knee

A

Muscles acting on knee (extension) and posterior thigh (flexion)

52
Q

Muscles Acting on the Knee

Anterior group:

A

quadriceps femoris
rectus femoris
vastus medialis and lateralis

53
Q

Muscles Acting on the Knee

Posterior group:

A

hamstrings

  • biceps femoris
  • semitendinosus
  • popliteus

unlocks knee to allow for flexion

sartorius (anterior)

  • synergist in knee flexion
54
Q

Muscles of the leg

A

flex and extend foot and toes

55
Q

Muscles of the Leg

anterior

A

tibialis anterior

  • flexion of foot

extensor digitorum longus

  • extends toes

extensor hallicus longus

  • extends big toe
56
Q

Muscles of the Leg.

Posterior (largest)

A

gastrocnemius

  • extension and inversion of foot

soleus

  • extension of foot
57
Q

Intrinsic muscles of foot

A

Intrinsic muscles of foot originate on the foot and have four layers

  • support for arches; abduct, adduct, and flexes the toes
58
Q

Important muscles of foot:

A

dorsal

  • extensor hallucis brevis

extends big toe; synergist to extensor hallucis longus

  • extensor digitorum brevis

extends all toes; synergist to extensor digitorum longus

plantar

  • flexor hallicus brevis

flexes big toe

  • flexor digitorum brevis

flexes all toes

59
Q

Fascia

A

Fascia are connective tissue partitions within the body

60
Q

deep fascia

A 
found between adjacent muscles
 superficial fascia (hypodermis) is adipose between skin and muscles
61
Q

Deep fascia functions to compartmentalize muscle

A
  • each muscle has a characteristic blood and nerve supply
  • compartment syndrome results from trauma that yields bleeding into a compartment

increased pressure from bleeding can lead to muscle paralysis or death within 2-4 hours

62
Q

Athletic injuries of muscular system occur

A

under sudden and intense stress
anyone is susceptible

63
Q

Athletic Injuries

common injuries include

A
  • charley horse
  • shinsplints
  • pulled hamstrings
  • tennis elbow
64
Q

treat atheletic injuries with RICE

A

Treat with rest, ice, compression and elevation

65
Q

Dangerous misconception in atheletic injuries

A

“No pain, no gain”

Anatomny (6 decks)

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