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Anatomny > chapter 6 osseous tissue and bone structure > Flashcards

chapter 6 osseous tissue and bone structure Flashcards

0
Q

Skeletal system includes

A

Bones of the skeleton 206

Cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues

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1
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

The framework for the body

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2
Q

Osseous tissue

A

Is the hardened matrix that gives strength to the bones

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3
Q

Osseous tissue does what

A
  • hardened by the process of calcification ; calcium phosphate
  • continually remodels itself (living)
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4
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

-support
-protection
Enclose vital organs
-leverage
Allows movement from muscle action
-mineral storage
Calcium
Phosphate
-blood formation
RBC and WBC

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5
Q

Bone

A

Consists of osseous tissue, marrow, cartilage, periosteum

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6
Q

Bones are classified according to?

A

-shape
Long, short, flat, and irregular
Sutural and sesamoid bones are less common shapes

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7
Q

Bone structure (internal tissues)

A

-compact bone is dense bone tissue
- spongy bone (cancellous) is loosely organized bone tissue
Always surrounded by compact tissue

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8
Q

Long bone

A

Are longhand slender;levers for muscles

-legs and arms
Include feet/toes, hands/fingers

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9
Q

Short bones

A

Are nearly equal in length and width; limited gliding in multiple directions
-carpals (writs) and tarsals (ankles)

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10
Q

Flat bones

A

Are thin with parallel surfaces

-protect organs and offer extensive surface area for muscle attachment

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11
Q

Flat bones are found

A
  • skull, sternum, and ribs
  • scaplua
  • os oxae (hip bones)
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12
Q

Irregular bones

A

Have complex shapes with short, flat, or ridged surfaces

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13
Q

Irregular bones are found in

A

-vertebrae
-skull
Ethmoid and sphenoid

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14
Q

Long Bone Characteristics

A
  • diaphysis has a heavy wall of compact bone
  • epiphysis is a spongy bone covered with compact bone
  • metaphysis is where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
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15
Q

Diaphysis

A
  • transfers stress/weight between epiphysis

- contains marrow (medullary) cavity

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16
Q

Epiphysis

A

Enlarged to strengthen joint and attach ligaments

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17
Q

Metaphysis

A
  • bone lengthening occurs here along epiphyseal plate

- in adults epiphyseal plate becomes epiphyseal line

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18
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Is a hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of long bones allows for ease of mobility at the joints
-component of synovial capsule

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19
Q

Nutrient foramina

A

Allow for blood vessels and nerves to enter bone

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20
Q

Bone linings

A

Periosteum

Endosteum

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21
Q

Periosteum

A

Lines the outer shaft

  • outer fiberless layer(collagen) & inner cellular layer
  • isolates bones from surrounding tissues
  • provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply
  • participates in bone growth and repair
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22
Q

Endosteum

A
  • incomplete cellular layer, some matrix is exposed
  • exposed matrix contains primary bone cells
  • active in bone growth/repair by removing and re-depositing matrix
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23
Q

Osseous tissue is

A

A connective tissue that contains fibers, ground substance, and specialized cells

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24
Q

4 types of bone cells

A
  • osteocytes
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoprogentior cells
  • osteoclasts
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25
Q

Osteocytes

A

Are mature bone cells living in lacunae that maintain the bone matrix

  • do not dived
  • connected by gap junctions and cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi in matrix
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26
Q

Osteocyte functions

A
  • maintain protein and mineral content of matrix

- help repair damaged bone

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27
Q

Osteocytes account for most of

A

Bone cell population

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28
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Are immature bone cells that secrete organic compounds (osteoid) to produce bone matrix

  • matrix hardens via mineral (calcium) deposition
  • replacing non-osseous tissue with bone is osteogenesis
  • calcium deposition in non osseous tissue is ossification
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29
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Are mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce most other bone cells
-located in (inner) cellular layer of periosteum and endosteum

*only source of new bone cells (done differentiate into osteoblasts)

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30
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Are giant, multinucleated cells that form from the fusion of 3-50 stem cells; related to macrophages of immune system

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31
Q

Secret acids and protein-digesting enzymes to

A

dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis)

-important in the regulation of CA+ and PO4

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32
Q

Homeostasis and osseous tissue

A

-bone building (osteoblasts) and bone recycling (osteoclasts) must balance

More breakdown than building, bones become weaker
Couch potatoes

More building than breakdown, bones become stronger

Exercising individuals

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33
Q

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts actions must

A

Balance

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34
Q

Matrix of osseous tissues is a

A

Crystalline-protein complex of organic and inorganic matter

Provides for strength and resilience

Combination of materials is called a composite

Combination of materials is called a composite

Minerals resist compression while collagen resists tension

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35
Q

Organic matter includes

A
  • collagen (primary)

- proteoglycans and glycoproteins

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36
Q

Inorganic matter includes

A
  • 85% hydroxyapatite

- 10% calcium carbonate and other minerals

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37
Q

Compact bone

Osseous tissue is cylindrical with layers if concentric lamellae arranged around central canals

Forms

A

Osteon

Basic structural unit of bone

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38
Q

Osteons are secured by two types of lamellae

A

-interstitial lamellae

-circumferential lamellae
Outer boundary of compact bone

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39
Q

Osteons receiver blood via perforating canals (volkmann canals)

A

-vascular canals that perpendicularly join central canals

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40
Q

Spongy bone

A

Has a sponge-like appearance due to struts of bone called trabeculae

-has open network with no central canals (does not have osteons)

Nutrients and waste diffuse through canaliculi

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41
Q

2 types of marrow in spongy bone

A

Red marrow

Yellow marrow

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42
Q

Red marrow(hemopoietic)

A

contains blood vessels and forms red blood cells

Axial skeleton and proximal heads of femur and humerus in adults

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43
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Present in some long bones for lipid storage

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44
Q

Spongy bone provides strength with

A

Little weight

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45
Q

Bone growth and elongation occurs at the ______ ______ that function as growth zones

A

Epiphyseal plates

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46
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Increases bone length
Multiplication of chondrocytes balances bone deposition at metaphysis

Epiphyseal line is left behind when cartilage is completely replaced

47
Q

Appositional growth

A

Increases bone width

48
Q

In appositional growth osteoblasts lay down matrix in layers on inner surface of

A

Periosteum

Produces circumferential lamellae

49
Q

Epiphyseal plates and lines

A

Wen long bones stop growing after puberty epiphyseal cartilage disappears

50
Q

Visible on x rays as an

A

Epiphyseal line

51
Q

Bones are remodeled through life by

A

Absorption (old bone)

Deposition (new bone)

52
Q

Wolfs law of bone

A

States that architecture of bone is determined by mechanical stress

Greater density and mass of bone is adaptation to increased stress

53
Q

Remodeling may or may not

A

Change bone shape, internal architecture or mineral content

54
Q

Factors affecting bone growth

A
  • rapid growth At puberty

- premature closure of growth plate

55
Q

Rapid growth at puberty

A

-hormones stimulate oseteogenic cells, chondrocytes and matrix deposition in growth plate

Girls grow faster than boys and reach full height earlier
-estrogen stronger effect
Males grow for longer time and are taller

56
Q

Premature closure at growth plate

A

Short adult stature

Teenage use of antibolic steroids

57
Q

Endochodral ossification

A

Forms bone from a pre-existing model of hyaline cartilage

Most bones originate as hyaline cartilages

58
Q

6 steps of endochrondral ossification

A
  • cartilage framework formation
  • formation of primary ossification center
  • vascularization
  • formation of secondary ossification center
  • epiphyses formation
  • epiphyseal ossification
59
Q

Endochrondral ossification

Cartilage formation and

A

Primary ossification center

60
Q

Endochrondral ossification

Chondrocytes

A

In the center of hyaline cartilage enlarge and expand lacunae
-expanding forces matrix to form struts

61
Q

Stem cells of perichondrium become ______ and matrix begins to calcify

A

Osteoblasts

62
Q

Calcified cartilage does not allow

A

Nutrient diffusion

63
Q

Chondrocytes die leaving

A

Cavities

64
Q

Blood vessels enter the cartilage cavities and form

A

Primary ossification center

65
Q

Remodeling creates primary

A

Marrow cavity

66
Q

Stem cells become

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

67
Q

Ossification spreads towards cartilage ends

A

Bone replaces cartilage at the metaphysis

Massive cartilage death occurs increasing marrow cavity size

68
Q

Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to the epiphysis creating

A

Secondary ossification centers

69
Q

Endochrondral ossification

Epiphyseal classification

A

-vascularization of secondary ossification centers results in a secondary marrow cavity of epiphyses
-epiphyses fill with spongy bone
Cartilages within the joint cavity becomes articulation cartilage
Cartilage at the metaphysis is epiphyseal plate
Plates provide for increase in length of bone during childhood and adolescence

-by early twenties epiphyseal plates fuse and primary and secondary marrow cavities unite

70
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Produces bones that develop within flat fibrous sheet

Referred to as dermal bones

71
Q

Dermal bones

A

Mandible, clavicle,and bones of skull

72
Q

4 steps of intramembranous ossification

A

-mesenchyme condenses into soft trabeculae
Mesenchyme cells become osteoblasts
-osteoblasts deposit osteoid
CA10 PO4 is deposited in the matrix forming spongy bone
Some osteoblasts become osteocytes; vascularization occurs
-osteoclasts remodel bone to create marrow cavity
- surface mesenchyme becomes periosteum

73
Q

Calcium

A

Is needed in neurons, muscle contraction, bones, blood clotting (co-enzymes) and exocytosis

74
Q

Calcium homeostasis is ______ regulated; imbalances are Rare- changes in calcium can be ____

A

Highly;serious

75
Q

Imbalances in calcium changes can cause

A
  • heart arhythmias and arrest
  • skeletal muscle tetanus
  • hemorrhaging
76
Q

A primary function of osseous tissue is _____ ______

A

Calcium homeostasis

77
Q

Calcium homeostasis is affected by

A
  • calcium deposition and resorption
  • hormonal influences
  • nutrition
78
Q

Calcium deposition and resorption

A

Mineralization

Mineral resorption

79
Q

Mineralization

A

Is the crystallization process utilizing CA2+ (cation) , PO4^3-(anion)

Osteoblasts produce minerals to cover the collagen fibers and harden matrix

Ion concentration must reach the solubility product for crystal formation to occur (precipitate)

80
Q

Mineral resorption

A

Is e process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into blood

-hydrogen pumps in osteoclasts secrete HCL into extra cellular space

Dissolves bone minerals

81
Q

Calcium regulation and hormones

A

CA2+ ions are vital to intercellular activities of neurons and muscle, especially heart cells
-most abundant mineral in the body;daily fluctuations of more than 10% is rare

99%is in skeleton

82
Q

Calcium uptake/excretion is regulated via the

A

Endocrine system

83
Q

3 hormones of calcium regulation

A
  • parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • calcitonin
  • calcitriol
84
Q

Calcitriol has a weak influence while ____ and ____ are _______ with a strong influence

A

PTH
calcitonin
Antagonist

85
Q

PTH

A

Produces by parathyroid glands increases CA2+ level

86
Q

PTH does what

A

-stimulates osteoclasts releasing CA2+ from bone
- enhances CA2+ absorption by intestines
- decreases CA2+ excretion by kidneys
Stimulates Renal production of calcitriol

87
Q

Calcitonin

A

secreted by C cells in thyroid decreases CA2+ level

88
Q

Calcitonin does what

A
  • inhibits osteoclast activity
  • reduces Ca2+ absorption by the intestines
  • increases Ca2+ excretion by kidneys
89
Q

PTH released when Ca2+ is ____ normal; calcitonin is released when Ca2+ is _____ normal

A

Below

Above

90
Q

Calcitriol

A

Raises blood Ca2+ concentration; synthesized in the kidneys

91
Q

Derivative of vitamin D3

A

Produced by UV radiation and epidermal keratinocytes

92
Q

Effects of calcitriol

A

-increases stem cell differentiation into osteoclasts
Raises Ca2+ resorption
-promotes urinary reabsorption of Ca2+
-promotes intestinal absorption of Ca2+

93
Q

Lack of calcitriol or vitamin D causes in

A

Rickets (children) or osteomalacia (adults)

94
Q

Ca2+ ion disorder

A

-hypocalcemia is deficiency of blood Ca2+ that causes excitability of nervous system and muscles

Na+ channels open more easily, Na+ enters cell exciting neuron (begins around 6mg/dl)

Muscle spams, tremors or tetany

95
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Is excess of blood Ca2+ that depresses nerve response and muscle contraction

Sodium channels are less likely to open (begins at 12mg/dl)
Muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, and cardiac arrest

96
Q

Fractures

A

Are cracks/breaks in bone caused by physical stress, extreme loads, or sudden impacts

97
Q

Maybe a stress fracture (____) or pathological fracture (____)

A

Trauma

Disease

98
Q

Classified by break characteristics

A

Oven vs closed

Simple vs complex

99
Q

Open vs closed

A

Protruding from the skin or not

100
Q

Simple vs complex

A

Two or more pieces

101
Q

Most fractures heal in

A

8-12 weeks longer in elderly

102
Q

Healing of fractures steps

A
  1. Formation of fracture hematoma
  2. Formation of soft callus
  3. Hard callus
  4. Bone remodeling
103
Q

Formation of fracture hematoma

A

Extensive bleeding produces a clot that establishes a fibrous network from damage

Granulation tissue

104
Q

Formation of soft callus

A

-cells of endosteum and periosteum divide and migrate into fracture zone
Produce fibers and ffibrocartlage
- callus forms to stabilize the break
External callus is Cartilage /bone and surrounds break
Internal callus of spongy bone develops in marrow cavity

105
Q

Hard callus

A

-osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone
Spongy bone unites broken ends
-fracture is secured in place; can withstand normal stresses from muscle contractions

106
Q

Bone remodeling

A

-osteoblasts and osteocytes remodel the fracture for up to a year

Reduces bone calluses

107
Q

Treatment of fractures

A

Closed reduction

Open reduction

108
Q

Closed reduction

A

Is when fragments are aligned with manipulation and casted

109
Q

Open reduction

A

Is surgical exposure and repair with plates and screws

110
Q

Age and bone

A

Bones become thinner and weaker within age

Women lose 8% of bone mass per decade men 3%

111
Q

Osteopenia (inadequate ossification )

A

Begins at age 30 and 40

Results in fragile limbs, height reduction, tooth loss

Epiphyses, vertebrae, and jaw most affected

112
Q

Estrogen and androgens

A

No longer help maintain bone mass

Bone loss in women accelerates after menopause

113
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Is a severe bone loss that affects normal function

114
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Increased risk of fracture of hip, wrist and vertebral column

Complications of pneumonia and blood clotting

115
Q

Treatment for osteoporosis

A

-ERT slows down bone resorption
Increases risk of breast cancer, stroke,heart disease

Best treatment is prevention

Exercise and calcium intake 1000 mg/day between ages 25-40

116
Q

Postmenopausal ____women at greatest risk; _____women rarely suffer symptoms

A

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Anatomny (6 decks)

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