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Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

A

Anatomy is the structure of the body parts in relation to each other. Physiology is how the body parts function and work.

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2
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

erect, forward, arms down, palms out

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3
Q

Describe supine, prone, lateral, Fowlers, Semi Fowlers, Trendelenburg and Shock positions.

A 
supine - on back
prone - on stomach
lateral - on side
Fowlers - 45 to 60 degrees sitting
semi fowlers- less than 45 degrees
Trendelenburg- inclined with feet up
Shock - feet and legs elevated 12 inches
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4
Q

What are anatomical planes?

A

imaginary divisions of the body used to describe

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5
Q

sagittal plane

A

median plane that divides the body into left and right

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6
Q

Coronal plane

A

frontal plane - divides the body into front and back halves

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7
Q

Transverse plane

A

Horizontal plane - divides the body into upper and lower planes (axial plane)

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8
Q

Midline

A

top of the head, thru the nose, between the legs - dividing the body in half right and left

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9
Q

Midaxillary

A

sideways, armpit down to ankle, dividing the body into front and back halves

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10
Q

Transverse line

A

across the waist dividing the body top (superior) and bottom (inferior)

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11
Q

Anterior

A

toward front

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12
Q

Posterior

A

toward back

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13
Q

Superior

A

toward top (head)

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14
Q

Inferior

A

toward bottom (feet)

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15
Q

Dorsal

A

toward back (spine)

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16
Q

Ventral

A

toward front (abdoman)

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17
Q

Medial

A

toward center (midline)

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18
Q

lateral

A

away from the center (left or rt)

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19
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

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20
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side

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21
Q

Proximal

A

near point of reference

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22
Q

Distal

A

away from point of reference

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23
Q

Mid Clavicular

A

center of collarbone

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24
Q

Mid axillary

A

center of armpit (axilla)

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25
Q

Planter

A

sole of foot

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26
Q

Palmer

A

palm of hand

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27
Q

Ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

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28
Q

Tendons

A

connect bone to muscles

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29
Q

Occipital region

A

head

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30
Q

Torso region

A

trunk of the body

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31
Q

Cervical region

A

neck

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32
Q

What is the purpose of the Skeletal System?

A

shape, protect vital organs, allow movement, store minerals, produce blood cells

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33
Q

6 components of skeletal system

A
  1. skull. 2. spinal column, 3. thorax 4. pelvis 5. upper extremities 6. lower extremities
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34
Q

What are the 2 bones that make up the jaw?

A

Maxilla and Mandible

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35
Q

Humerous

A

Upper bone of the arm

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36
Q

Radius and Ulna

A

2 bones of lower arm, radius (front, thumb side) ulna (back, pinky side)

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37
Q

What bones make up the hand?

A

carpals (wrist), metacarpals (hand), phalanges (fingers)

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38
Q

Cervical spine

A

neck region, C1-C7 first 7 vertebrae

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39
Q

Thoracic spine

A

upper back T1-T12, 12 pairs of thoracic rib are attached to spine

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40
Q

Lumbar spine

A

lower back, L1-15, 5 vertebrae, least mobile, most injuries

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41
Q

Sacral spine

A

back of pelvis, S1-S5, fused together to form the rigid part of pelvis called sacrum

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42
Q

Coccyx

A

tailbone, last 4 vertebrae, fused together no protrusions like other vertebrae.

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43
Q

Sternum

A

breastbone, 24 ribs in 12 pairs are attached

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44
Q

True ribs

A

first 7 pairs attached to sternum

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45
Q

Manubrium

A

clavicle attached to superior portion of sternum

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46
Q

Xiphoid process

A

inferior portion of the sternum

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47
Q

Iliac crest

A

wings of the pelvis

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48
Q

pubis

A

anterior and inferior portion of pelvis

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49
Q

ischium

A

posterior and inferior portion of the pelvis

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50
Q

Femur

A

large upper leg bone (thigh bone)

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51
Q

tibia and fibia

A

bones of lower leg (tibia is large inside, fibia is small, outside)

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52
Q

bones of the foot

A

Tarsals - ankle
Metatarsals- foot
phalanges - toes

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53
Q

medial malleolus

A

distal end of the tibia of the ankle

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54
Q

calcancus

A

heel bone

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55
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

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56
Q

clavicle

A

collarbone

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57
Q

acromion

A

tip of the shoulder blade

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58
Q

olecranon

A

part of the ulna that forms the prominence of the elbow

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59
Q

Flexion

A

bending toward the body decreasing angle

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60
Q

Extension

A

straightening away from the body, increasing angle

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61
Q

Abduction

A

movement away from midline

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62
Q

Adduction

A

movement toward the midline

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63
Q

Circumduction

A

combo of movements that allow 360 degrees

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64
Q

Supination

A

turning forearm palm is toward front

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65
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

widest range of motion (hips and shoulders)

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66
Q

Hinged joint

A

flexion and extension (elbows and knees)

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67
Q

Pivot joint

A

turning motion (head and neck, wrist)

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68
Q

Gliding joint

A

simplest movement, one bone slides across another (hands and feet)

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69
Q

Saddle joint

A

shaped to permit combination of limited movements along perpendicular planes (ankle and foot to turn inward as up and down)

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70
Q

Condyloid joint

A

modified ball and socket that limits motion - up and down and side to side but not rotate all the way around

71
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

voluntary muscles, contract and relaxed by will of person - moving
major muscle mass of the body

72
Q

Smooth Muscles

A

involuntary muscles, automatic functions

move blood thru veins, bile thru gallbladder, food thru digestive, etc - no direct control but may respond to stimuli

73
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

walls of heart, special involuntary muscle, automaticity - generates impulses on its own even with disconnected from CNS (central nervous system)

74
Q

4 functions of Respiratory System

A

Respiration
Ventilation
Oxygenation
buffer acid-base balance

75
Q

zygomatic bone

A

cheeks

76
Q

orbit bones

A

eye

77
Q

bones of the cranium

A

occipital - back lower
2 parietal - top
2 temporal - sides
frontal - front (forehead)

78
Q

What is the only bone in the face that can move?

A

mandible (lower jaw) largest and strongest

79
Q

What organs are near the pelvis?

A

intestines, bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

80
Q

pronation

A

turning the palm toward the back

81
Q

Respiration

A

moving oxygen and carbon dioxide across membranes, the alveoli, capillaries and cells

82
Q

Oygenation

A

oxygen molecules move across membrane from high concentration to low concentration

83
Q

Ventilation

A

changes in pressure in and out of the chest that causes air to move in or out of lungs…The mechanics of breathing

84
Q

What are the parts of the Upper Airway?

A

nose and mouth, pharynx (naso, oro, laryngopharynx) and Larynx…ends at the cricoid cartilage

85
Q

What are the parts of the Lower Airway?

A

Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli

86
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

smooth muscles (vessel) is constricted (smaller)

87
Q

Vasodilation

A

smooth muscle (vessel) is dilated (bigger)

88
Q

Conchae

A

3 bony ridges located on the sides of the nasal cavity

89
Q

Pharynx

A

Naso oro, laryngopharynx that extends from soft palate to superior askpect of esophagus

90
Q

Larynx

A

anterior portion of throat to the trachea, includes vocal cords

91
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Adams Apple

92
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

forms a complete circumferential ring that connects with trachea

93
Q

Epiglottis

A

opens and closes to allow food and liquid to slide into esophagus

94
Q

Aspiration

A

breathing a substance into the lungs

95
Q

Bronchi

A

2 main tubes that connect to the lungs

96
Q

Alveoli

A

tiny air sacs that are the site of gas exchange in the lungs

97
Q

Surfactant

A

fats and protein molecules in the lining in the alveoli that reduce surface tension

98
Q

Visceral pleura

A

connective tissue that covers outer surface of the lungs

99
Q

Parietal pleura

A

connective tissue that covers internal chest wall

100
Q

Pleural cavity

A

between parietalpleural and visceral pleura with negative pressure that allos lungs to stay inflated

101
Q

Diaphragm

A

main muscle in that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity that is essential to breating

102
Q

Why is the anatomy differences of the respiratory sysstem in infants and children essential to know?

A

obstruction easier…mouth and nose are smaller, tongue is proportionally bigger, narrower trachea, cricoid cartilage is less developed and less rigid, chest wall is softer and they rely more heavily on diaphragm

103
Q

Respiratory rate

A

breaths in one minute (avg adult 12-20)

104
Q

Tidal volume

A

amount of pair in and out in one breath

105
Q

What are some characteristics of inadequate breathing?

A 
too fast or too slow
irregular pattern
diminished or absent sounds
unequal or inadequate chest expansion
pale or bluish, cool or clammy skin
use of accessory muscles
nasal flaring, seesaw breathing, head bobbing, gasping, grunting
106
Q

Agonal respirations

A

occasional gasping for breaths often seen just before death

107
Q

What 3 things make up the circulatory system?

A

heart
blood vessels
blood

108
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A 
perfusion of cells with oxygen and removal of CO2 and other waste
transporting blood to cells and alveoli
reservoir to house blood
buffering acid/base balance
deliver immune cells
promote clotting
109
Q

Pericardium

A

double walled sac that encloses the heart, give support and prevents friction as the heart moves

110
Q

Atria

A

upper chambers of the heart - receives blood from veins - right receies oxygen depleted from veins, left receives oxygen rich from pulmonary veins from the lungs

111
Q

Ventricles

A

lower chambers of the heart - pump blood out to arteries
right-oxygen depleted out to arteries to go to lungs
left - oxygen rich out to aorta to send out to rest of the body

112
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

113
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

base of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

114
Q

Mitral valve (bicuspid)

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

115
Q

Aortic valve

A

base of the aortic artery and the left ventricle

116
Q

Aorta artery

A

from heart to spine - supplies all arteries with blood

117
Q

Coronary arteries

A

supply heart itself with blood

118
Q

Carotid arteries

A

each side of the neck - supply brain and head with blood

119
Q

Femoral arteries

A

major artery of the thigh, supply groin and legs

120
Q

Dorsalis pedis arteries

A

top of foot, felt on the top by big toe side

121
Q

Posterior tibial arteries

A

calf to foot, pulse felt by ankle bone

122
Q

Brachial arteries

A

major artery of upper arm, felt inside arm between shoulder and elbow

123
Q

Radial arteries

A

lower arm, felt in the wrist

124
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

right ventricle to lungs - only ones that carry deoxygenated blood

125
Q

Arteriole

A

smallest kind of artery - carry blood into the capillaries

126
Q

Venules

A

smallest branch of veins - end of capillaries that carry oxygen depleted to larger veins

127
Q

Veins

A

carry blood back to the heart - all carry oxygen depleted blood except pulmonary.

128
Q

Venae cavae

A

main vein that carries oxygen depleted blood back to right atrium

129
Q

pulmonary veins

A

carry oxygen rich blood from the lungs to left atrium

130
Q

Red blood cells

A

give blood its color, carry oxygen to the body cells, carry carbon dioxide away from the cells

131
Q

hemoglobin

A

carries oxygen molecules and carbon dioxide molecules in the blood

132
Q

White blood cells

A

part of the body’s immune system, fight infection

133
Q

Platelets

A

clotting to stop bleeding

134
Q

Plasma

A

liquid part of the blood, carries to tissues

135
Q

What are the 2 ways to determine adequacy of circulation of blood?

A

pulse

blood pressure

136
Q

Blood pressure

A

force exerted by the blood on the interior walls of the arteries

137
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle contracts - measures effectiveness of pumping function

138
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle is at rest (between contractions)

139
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure that may cause blood in the capillaries to force fluid thru capillary wall (leak)

140
Q

Edema

A

swelling occurring in the tissues due to hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid to leak from capillaries and collect, gas exchange becomes more difficult and less effective

141
Q

Perfusion

A

delivery of oxygen, glucose and nutrients to the cells and eliminate carbon dioxide and waste from the cells thru the capillaries

142
Q

hypoperfusion

A

insufficient supply of oxygen and inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide in blood

143
Q

How is Oxygen carried in the blood? (2 ways)

A

hemoglobin (97%) and dissolved in plasma

144
Q

How is Carbon Dioxide carried in the blood? (3 ways)

A

bicarbonate (70%)
attached to hemoglobin (23%)
dissolved in plasma

145
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

cell metabolism (glucose to energy) with oxygen

146
Q

What are the by-products of glucose metabolism

A

water, heat and. carbon dioxide

147
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

cell metabolism (glucose to energy) without the presence of oxygen (little energy is produced)

148
Q

Nervous system

A

controls the voluntary and involuntary activity of the body

149
Q

What are the basic functions of the Nervous System?

A

control and maintain conscious and aware state
transmitting sensory stimuli to brain for interpretation
controlling motor function and impulses to muscles for vol and invol movement, controlling autonomic nervous system

150
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

151
Q

Cerebrum

A

outer most portion of the brain, occupies nearly all the cranial cavity - sensation, thought, speech, memory

152
Q

Cerebellum

A

“small brain” posterior and inferior of cranium - muscle activity and balance

153
Q

Brainstem

A

mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongotta

154
Q

What 3 major control centers does the medulla oblongata consist of?

A 
respiratory center (rate and depth of resp)
cardia center (rate and contraction of heart)
vasomotor center(controls blood pressure-dilation and constriction of blood vessles)
155
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

nerves outside the spinal column and brain

carry info from the body to the spinal cord and back

156
Q

What 2 components of the nervous system control consciousness?

A

Cerebral hemispheres and reticular activating system (RAS). RAS and at least one hemisphere must be functioning,

157
Q

Endocrine System

A

glands that secrete horomones that have effects on organs.

158
Q

Pineal glands

A

regulate circadian rhythm - produces melatonin (head)

159
Q

Thyroid gland

A

regulates metabolism, growth and development and activity of the nervous system (neck)

160
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

regulates metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the bones (neck)

161
Q

Adrenal glands

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, postpone muscle fatigue, increase storage of sugar, control kidney, metabolism of salt and water (top of kidneys)

162
Q

Gonads

A

ovaries and testes - reproduction and sex characteristics

163
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

pancreas, insulin, allow sugar to enter cells and produce glucagon (pancreas)

164
Q

Pituitary gland

A

base of the brain, MASTER gland (head)

165
Q

Thymus gland

A

development and maturation of the immune system (neck)

166
Q

What are the effects of Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1 and Beta 2?

A

Alpha 1 - cause vessels to constrict - blood shunted to core - skin cool and clammy or release sweat
Alpha2 - regulate the release of Alpha1
Beta 1- relate to heart, increase heart rate, cardiac contraction,
Beta 2 - smooth muscles to dilate (exp bronchioles)

167
Q

What are the functions of the Integumentary System?

A

Skin - protect body from environment, regulate body temp, receptor for heat, cold, touch, pain and pressure, aiding in regulation of water and electrolytes (sodium and chloride)

168
Q

Epidermis

A

outermost layer of skin, 4 layers - outer 2 dying and dead cells - pigmentation is in the deepest layer

169
Q

Dermis

A

second layer of skin, thicker than epidermis, blood vessels, sweat glands, oil glands, follicles, and sensory nerves
gives skin elasticity and strength

170
Q

Subcutaneous

A

inner most layer of fatty tissue

171
Q

What are the organs of the digestive system?

A

stomach, pancreas, liver (largest), spleen, gallbladder, intestines

172
Q

What are the 2 processes of the digestive system?

A

Mechanical (chewing, swallowing and movement through the body)
Chemical (enzymes and juices break food down and absorption)

173
Q

What is the function of the Urinary System (Renal System)?

A

filter and excrete waste from blood and body, maintain balance of water and chemicals, acid/base balance (kidneys)

174
Q

What are the organs of the Urinary System?

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

EMT (7 decks)

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