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EMT > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Patient assessment

A

procedures to find out what is wrong with the patient to help you decide what emergency medical care should be provided

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2
Q

Vital Signs

A

signs of life - give you clues to what is happening

respiration, pulse, skin, pupils, blood pressure, pulse oximetry

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3
Q

baseline vital signs

A

the first set of vital signs which to compare next vitals

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4
Q

sphygomanometer

A

blood pressure cuff

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5
Q

stethoscope

A

listen to lungs and take blood pressure

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6
Q

What are necessary items to carry?

A

sphygomanometer, stethoscope, watch, penlight, shears, notebook, PPE, pulse oximeter

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7
Q

How do you check Respiratory Rate?

A

observing the patients chest rise and fall per minute - 30 seconds and multiply by 2

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8
Q

How can you tell if respiration is average and normal?

A

1 inch expansion, not using accessory muscles of chest, neck or abdomen, rate is normal, exhalation is twice as long as inhalation, no abnormal sounds

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9
Q

Cheyne Stokes

A

respiratory rate and tidal volume gradually increase and gradually decrease followed by apnea for up to 10 seconds

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10
Q

Biot

A

Tidal volume doesn’t change but respiratory pattern is interrupted by period of apnea

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11
Q

Apneustic

A

prolonged periods of inhalation

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12
Q

Ataxic

A

irregularly irregular pattern of rate and tidal volume

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13
Q

Agonal

A

Long periods of apnea with gasping breath interposed

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14
Q

Kussmaul

A

Rapid respiratory rate with a deep labored tidal volume

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15
Q

Central neurogenic hyperventilation

A

a sustained deep and rapid respiratory rate of at least 25 breaths per miniute but with regular pattern

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16
Q

Location of pulses

A 
Carotid artery - neck
Femoral artery - groin
Radial artery - wrist
Brachial artery - upper arm
Popliteal artery - behind knee
Posterior tibial artery - ankle bone
Dorsalis pedis artery - top of foot on toe side
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17
Q

Which location should you check pulse for 1 year or older?

A

radial first then carotid if can’t get radial

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18
Q

Which location should you check pulse for infant?

A

brachial

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19
Q

tachycardia

A

heart rate greater than (fast)

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20
Q

Bradycardia

A

heart rate less than 60 (slow)

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21
Q

What position should patient be in to assess pulse?

A

sitting or lying down - 30 seconds and multiply by 2 - irregular pulse for 1 minute

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22
Q

bounding pulse

A

pulse that is abnormally strong

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23
Q

thready pulse

A

weak, rapid pulse

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24
Q

A weak pulse is an indication of what?

A

poor cardiac output, not enough being ejected from left ventricle

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25
Q

conjunctivia

A

mucous membrain that line the eye lid

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26
Q

Where should you assess color?

A

nail beds, oral mucosa (membranes of the mouth) and conjunctiva (line eye lid) should be pink

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27
Q

What does paleness or pallor sign?

A

vasoconstriction, blood loss or both, shock (hypoperfusion) heart attack, fright, anemia, fainting or emotion distress

28
Q

cyanosis

A

blue grey color in fingertips and mouth

29
Q

What does red color or flushing indicate?

A

heat exposure, peripheral vasodilation, carbon monoxide poisoning

30
Q

What does yellow or jaundice indicate?

A

liver disease

31
Q

What does mottling indicate?

A

blotching, similar to cyanosis, may be a sign of shock or patients with pooling blood in the extremities

32
Q

What does clammy skin indicate?

A

Diaphoresis (sweating)

shock, poisoning, heat related, cardiac or diabetic emergency

33
Q

What does abnormally dry skin indicate?

A

spinal injury or severe dehydration

34
Q

Capillary refill time

A

time it takes for compressed capillaries to fill again - longer time may indicate circulation through capillaries may be inadequate or shock

35
Q

What can dilated eyes indicate?

A

drug use

36
Q

What can constricted eyes indicate?

A

central nervous system disorder, narcotics, glaucoma medications or brightly lit environment

37
Q

What can eye inequality indicate?

A

stoke, head injury, artificial eye, disease of eye, eye drops or injury to the eye or nerve

38
Q

What can pupils not constricting simultaneously signify?

A

cranial nerve damage

39
Q

What does slow response to light in eyes indicate?

A

poor oxygen state (hypoxia), drug overdose or inadequate perfusion

40
Q

What does fixed and dilated eyes indicate?

A

cardiac arrest, severe head injury, sefere hypoxia, poor perfusion to the brain

41
Q

How does pulse corollate with blood pressure?

A

If blood pressure is low, pulse will be weak, if blood pressure is high, pulse will be bounding and strong

42
Q

How is systolic blood pressure identified?

A

First distinct sound (Korotkoff sound) heard when measuring blood pressure by auscultation (stethoscope) and sphygmomanometer (cuff)

43
Q

How is diastolic blood pressure identified?

A

During auscultation (listening) when the Systolic (Korotkoff) sound disappears or changes drastically

44
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

45
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

46
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

47
Q

antecubital fossa

A

front of the elbow

48
Q

If the patient is experiencing chest pain, why would you check the blood pressure in both upper extremities?

A

If there is a difference of 20 in the systolic reading, it may indicate evolving problem with the aorta in the patients chest

49
Q

Orthostatic vital signs (Tilt test)

A

supine position, measure blood pressure and heart rate, then stand patient up and reassess after 2 minutes

50
Q

What does positive orthostatic test indicate?

A

significant loss of blood or fluid volume

51
Q

25% of patients over what age will falsely test positive in orthostatic tilt test uses a drop in BP and using a heart rate would be more sensitive indicator of blood loss?

A

65

52
Q

What do beta blockers do?

A

prevent heart rate from increasing

53
Q

How often should vitals be taken?

A

eery 15 minutes, or 5 minutes if patient is unstable, immediately following every medical intervention

54
Q

Pulse oximetry

A

measuring oxygen saturation in the blood using a pulse oximeter

55
Q

Where can oximeter probe be clipped?

A

finger, toe, earlobe, bridge of nose - most common is the finger

56
Q

What reading does a pulse oximeter provide?

A

percent of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen

57
Q

At what percent reading on an oximeter should hypoxia be indicated?

A

94% investigated, 90% definite indication of hypoxic

58
Q

What are some reasons an oximeter may not be accurate?

A

shock or hypoperfusion, hypothermia, excessive movement like seizures, nail polish, carbon monoxide, cigarette smokers because carbon monoxide is a byproduct of smoke, anemia

59
Q

Capnometry (EtCO2 Monitor)

A

End tidal carbon dioxide monitor - measures level of carbon dioxide at the end of each exhaled breath

60
Q

PaCO2

A

concentration of CO2 in the arterial blood

61
Q

chief complaint

A

the reason why the EMS crew was called to the scene

62
Q

What is the order when taking gaining information?

A

determine chief complaint, obtaining info about present illness, significant medical history and current health status, demographics,

63
Q

What data is collected for statistical, record keeping and demographic purposes?

A

date, time, identifying data (age, sex and race)

64
Q

What is included in current health status?

A

current meds, allergies, tobacco use, alcohol/drug use, diet, screening tests done recently, immunizations, environmental hazards, use of safety equipment, family history

65
Q

What does SAMPLE history mean?

A 
Signs and symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Pertinent past history
Last oral intake
Events leading up to illness or injury
66
Q

What does OPQRST mean?

A

QUESTIONS TO ASK
Onset (how began)
Provocation/palliation/position (what makes worse, better, how found)
Quality (level of pain)
Radiation (where do you feel pain, moves or radiates)
Severity (how bad - scale of 1 to 10)
Time (how long)

EMT (7 decks)

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