Chapter 7 & 9 Chemistry and Nutrition

Question 1

A state of matter that is rigid with a definite size and shape, such as ice

Answer 1

Solids

Question 2

Matter that has volume, no definite shape, and will take shape of its container, such as water

Answer 2

Liquids

Question 3

Matter without a definite shape or size. No fixed volume or shape; takes the shape of its container

Answer 3

Gases

Question 4

Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance

Answer 4

Physical properties

Question 5

Those characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the identity of the substance

Answer 5

Chemical properties

Question 6

Combination of two or more substances united physically, not chemically, without a fixed composition and in any proportions

Answer 6

Physical mixture

Question 7

Compounds that react with acids to form salts; have a pH above 7.0, taste bitter, and turn litmus paper from red to blue; also known as bases

Answer 7

Alkalis

Question 8

Substances that have a pH below 7.0, taste sour, and turn litmus paper from blue to red

Answer 8

Acids

Question 9

Chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized

Answer 9

Redox reaction

Question 10

Rapid oxidation of any substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light

Answer 10

Combustion

Question 11

Acronym for surface active agent; reduce surface tension between the skin and the product to increase product spreadability; allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify

Answer 11

Surfactants

Question 12

Unstable mixtures of two or more immiscible substances

Answer 12

Suspension

Question 13

A uniform mixture or two or more mutually miscible substances

Answer 13

Solution

Question 14

(O/W) oil droplets dispersed in a water with the aid of an emulsifying agent

Answer 14

Oil-in-water emulsion

Question 15

(W/O) droplets of water dispersed in an oil

Answer 15

Water-in-oil emulsion

Question 16

Nutrients that make up the largest part of the nutrition we take in; the 3 basic food groups: protein, carbohydrates, and fats

Answer 16

Macronutrients

Question 17

Vitamins and substances that have no calories or nutritional value, yet are essential for body function

Answer 17

Micronutrients

Question 18

Organic acids that form the building blocks of protein

Answer 18

Amino acids

Question 19

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not have to be obtained from the diet

Answer 19

Nonessential amino acids

Question 20

Combinations of two incomplete foods; complementary proteins eaten together provide all the essential amino acids and make a complete protein

Answer 20

Complementary foods

Question 21

Compounds that break down the basic chemical sugars and supply energy for the body

Answer 21

Carbohydrates

Question 22

The substance that provides energy to cells and converts oxygen to carbon dioxide, a waste product we breathe out

Answer 22

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 23

Carbohydrate-lipid complexes that are also good water binders

Answer 23

Mucopolysaccharides

Question 24

A water binding substance between the fibers of the dermis

Answer 24

Glycosaminoglycans

Question 25

A condition in which blood glucose or blood sugar drops too low; caused by either too much insulin or low food intake

Answer 25

Hypoglycemia

Question 26

Carbohydrates made up of one basic sugar unit

Answer 26

Monosaccharides

Question 27

Sugars made up of two simple sugars such as lactose and sucrose

Answer 27

Disaccharides

Question 28

Carbohydrates that contain three or more simple carbohydrate molecules

Answer 28

Polysaccharides

Question 29

Macronutrients used to produce energy in the body; the materials in the sebaceous glands that lubricate the skin; also known as lipids

Answer 29

Fats

Question 30

Alpha-linoleic acid; a type of "good" polyunsaturated fat that may decrease cardiovascular disease. It is also an anti-inflammatory and beneficial for skin

Answer 30

Omega 3 fatty acids

Question 31

Linoleic acid; an essential fatty acid used to make important hormones and maintain the lipid barrier of the skin; too much of this in the diet can lead to health problems

Answer 31

Omega 6 fatty acids

Question 32

A waxy substance found in your body that is needed to produce hormones, Vitamin D, and bile; also important for protecting nerves and for the structure of cells

Answer 32

Cholesterol

Question 33

A measure of heat units; measures food energy for the body

Answer 33

`Calories

Question 34

Catalysts that break down complex food molecules to utilize extracted energy

Answer 34

Enzymes

Question 35

Chains of amino acid molecules used in all cell functions and body growth

Answer 35

Proteins

Question 36

Also known as retinol; an antioxidant that aids in the functioning and repair of skin cells

Answer 36

Vitamin A

Question 37

These water-soluble vitamins interact with other water-soluble vitamins and act as coenzymes (catalysts) by facilitating enzymatic reaction. These include niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, pyridoxine, folacin, biotin, cobalamine, and pantothenic acid

Answer 37

B vitamins

Question 38

Also known as ascorbic acid; an antioxidant vitamin needed for proper repair of the skin and tissues; promotes the production of collagen in the skin's dermal tissues; aids in and promotes the skin's healing process

Answer 38

Vitamin C

Question 39

Fat soluble vitamin sometimes called the sunshine vitamin because the skin synthesizes this vitamin from cholesterol when exposed to sunlight. Essential for growth and development

Answer 39

Vitamin D

Question 40

Also known as tocopherol; primarily an antioxidant; helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of the suns rays

Answer 40

Vitamin E

Question 41

Vitamin responsible for the synthesis of factors necessary for blood coagulation

Answer 41

Vitamin K

Question 42

Inorganic materials required for many reaction of the cells and body

Answer 42

Minerals

Question 43

Biologically active flavonoids; also called vitamin P; considered an aid to healthy skin and found most abundantly in citrus fruit

Answer 43

Bioflavonoid

Question 44

Also known as Retin-A; vitamin A derivative that has demonstrated an ability to alter collagen synthesis and is used to treat acne and visible signs of aging; side effects are irritation and photosensitivity, skin dryness, redness, and peeling

Answer 44

Retinoic acid

Question 45

A vitamin that has been added to a food product

Answer 45

Fortified