Chapter 10 Physiology and Histology of the Skin

Question 1

Acid mantle

Answer 1

Protective barrier made up of sebum, lipids, sweat, and water

Question 2

Barrier function

Answer 2

Skins mechanism that protects us from irritation and intercellular transepidermal water loss

Question 3

Intercellular matrix

Answer 3

Lipid substances between corneum cells that protect the cells from water loss and irritation

Question 4

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)

Answer 4

Hormone that stimulates cells to reproduce and heal

Question 5

Fibroblast

Answer 5

Cells that stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids that form proteins (stimulating cells)

Question 6

Arrector pili muscle

Answer 6

Small, involuntary muscles in the base of the hair follicle that cause goose flesh when the appendage contracts, sometimes called goose bumps and papillae

Question 7

Langerhans immune cell

Answer 7

Guard cells of the immune system that sense unrecognized foreign invaders, such as bacteria, and then process these antigens for removal through the lymph system

Question 8

Pore

Answer 8

Tube like opening for sweat glands on the epidermis

Question 9

Sebum

Answer 9

Oil that provides protection for the epidermis from external factors and lubricates both the skin and hair

Question 10

Keratin

Answer 10

Fibrous protein of cells that is also the principal component of skin, hair, and nails; provides resiliency and protection

Question 11

Epidermis

Answer 11

Outermost layer of the skin; a thin protective layer with many cells, mechanisms, and nerve endings. It is made up of 5 layers

Question 12

Dermis

Answer 12

Also known as the derma, corium, cutis, or true skin; support layer of connective tissue, collagen, and elastin below the epidermis

Question 13

Subcutaneous layer

Answer 13

Also known as hypodermis; subcutaneous adipose tissue located beneath the dermis; a protective cushion and energy storage for the body

Question 14

Reticular layer

Answer 14

Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients; contains fat cells, blood vessels, suboriferous (sweat) glands, hair follicles, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous (oil) glands, and nerve endings

Question 15

Papillary layer

Answer 15

Top layer of the dermis next to the epidermis

Question 16

Stratum corneum

Answer 16

Outmost layer of the epidermis, composed of corneocytes; also known as the horny layer

Question 17

Stratum lucidum

Answer 17

Clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum; thickest on the palms of hands and soles of feet

Question 18

Stratum granulosum

Answer 18

Layer of the epidermis composed of cells filled with keratin that resembles granules; replaces cells shed from the stratum corneum; also known as the granular layer

Question 19

Stratum spinosum

Answer 19

Layer of the epidermis above the stratum germinativum containing desmosomes, the intercellular connections made of proteins; also known as the spiny layer

Question 20

Stratum germinativum

Answer 20

Active layer of the epidermis above the papillary layer of the dermis; cell mitosis takes place here that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth; also known as basal cell layer

Question 21

Leukocytes

Answer 21

White blood cells that have enzymes to digest and kill bacteria and parasites. These white blood cells also respond to allergies

Question 22

Elastin

Answer 22

Protein fiber found in the dermis; gives skin its elasticity and firmness

Question 23

Adipose tissue

Answer 23

Fatty tissue found below the dermis that gives smoothness and contour to the body, contains fat for use as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin. Also know as subcutis tissue

Question 24

Apocrine glands

Answer 24

Coiled structures attached to hair follicles found in the underarm and genital areas that secrete sweat

Question 25

Eccrine glands

Answer 25

Sweat glands found all over the body with openings on the skins surface through pores; not attached to hair follicles; secretions do not produce an offensive odor

Question 26

Ceramides

Answer 26

Glycolipid materials that are a natural part of the skins intercellular matrix and barrier function

Question 27

Free radicals

Answer 27

Unstable molecules that cause inflammation, disease, and biochemical aging in the body, especially wrinkling and sagging of the skin

Question 28

Glycation

Answer 28

Binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damaged, non functioning structures, known as advanced glycation end products

Question 29

Telangiectasia

Answer 29

Capillaries that have been damaged and are now larger, or distended, blood vessels; commonly called couperose skin

Question 30

Rosacea

Answer 30

Chronic condition that appears primarily on the cheeks and nose and is characterized by flushing, telangiectasia, and in some cases the formation of papules and postules