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Psychology > Chapter 7&8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7&8 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the three processes of memory?

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

Memory is your ability to maintain and access information when we need it

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2
Q

What is encoding?

A

Forming memories; pictures, sound, and meaning (from sensory input) usually used with short term memory and uses acoustic, sound coding. With log term memory semantic or meaning coding is used

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3
Q

What is memory storage?

A

Short and long term memory how long and much information can be stored in our memory

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4
Q

What is Memory retrieval?

A

Retrieving memory that you have stored

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5
Q

How long does short term memory usually last?

A

10-15 seconds without having rehearsed

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6
Q

How long does long term memory last?

A

Can be a life time like riding a bike or tying your shoe laces

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7
Q

What are the parts of long term memory?

A

Procedural- knowing how to do things like ride a bike.
Declarative:
Semantic- storing info about the world ex. London is the capital of England
Episodic- events of our lives ex. First day of school

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8
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Intentionally memorizing something

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9
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Unintentionally memorizing something. Like an annoying commercial

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10
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

Remembering the beginning of a list (primary effect) or the end of the list (recency effect)

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11
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Passive, encoding through repetition

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12
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Active, encoding new info by relating it to info already stored in memory

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13
Q

What is massed practice

A

Cramming

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14
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

Studying over a long period of time

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15
Q

What is over learning?

A

Continuing to rehearse material after it appears to have been mastered

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16
Q

What is mnemonics?

A

Mental tricks that help people remember information

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17
Q

What is the Method of loci?

A

Use of visual imagery to remember information

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18
Q

What is reality monitoring?

A

The process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources or internal sources.
Ex. Did I pack the umbrella or only think to pack it

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19
Q

What is source monitoring

A

Making attributions about the origins of memories; where the memory is coming from

20
Q

What are the first three sins of memory?

A
  1. Transience- weakening of a memory over time
  2. Absentmindedness- failure to pay attention
  3. Blocking- fail to retrieve an item like a name
    These three are sins of omission in which we can’t bring the memory to mind
21
Q

What are the last 4 sins of memory?

A
  1. Misattribution- we put the memory to the wrong source
  2. Suggestibility- our memory is distorted because of things like misleading questions
  3. Bias- inaccuracy because of time and past knowledge
  4. Persistence- memories that haunt you
    These are sins of commission, the memory is either incorrect or unwanted
22
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Remembering to perform actions in the future like walking the dog or calling someone

23
Q

What is retrospective memory?

A

Remembering events from the past or previously learned information like who won the stanly cup last year

24
Q

What is link word method?

A

When you link two words together to memorize them ex. Think of an english word that sounds like the word you want to learn, shu is tree shoe tree

25
Q

What are retrieval cues?

A

When we do better if we have something that helps us retrieve memories like multiple choice.

26
Q

What are dependent memories?

A

Memories are helped by similarities in environmental contexts ex. If you study with music but don’t have music when writing the test

27
Q

State dependent memories

A

Memories helped by persons internal state during learning versus recall

28
Q

What is a schema?

A

Frameworks used to organize info ( taco bell sign in another language)

29
Q

What is phonology?

A

How we combine sounds to form words

30
Q

What is syntax?

A

How we combine words to form sentences

31
Q

What are semantics?

A

Combining words to get your meaning across

32
Q

Smallest unit of sound

A

Phonemes ex. “C” “A” “T”

33
Q

Smallest unit of meaning

A

Morpheme. Ex.

  1. “Under”
  2. “Understand”
  3. “Understanding”
  4. “Misunderstanding”
34
Q

Surface structure vs. deep structure

A

Surface is similar to syntax. It’s the order of words. Deep structure is the meaning. Ex.
What?
Would you repeat that please?
-they have different surface structures but same deep meaning
Similar surface structure different deep meaning ex.
Let’s eat Grandpa
Let’s eat, Grandpa

35
Q

Case study: why is babbling good for babies to do?

A

It reflects the maturation of the language capacity controlled by the brain.

36
Q

What are the results of study?

A

Deaf infants who are exposed to sign language babble like hearing babies but they babble manually in their own language form.

37
Q

When do the following occur in infants:

Cooing, babbling, can differentiate phonemes in any language

A

3-5 weeks, 4-6 months, 6-8 months

38
Q

What is an algorithm?

A

A systematic method that guarantees a correct solution. Ex. Baking

39
Q

What is an anagram?

A

Combing vowels or consonance. Ex. Olive= I love

40
Q

What are heuristics?

A

They don’t guarantee a correct solution

41
Q

Finding similarities of current problem and ones solved in the past. Ex. The solar system and the structure of an atom

A

An analogy

42
Q

Tendency to use objects in familiar ways rather then creative. Ex. The string hanging from the ceiling and just a pair of pliers

A

Functional fixedness

43
Q

Trying to solve a problem with one strategy when another may be better. Ex. The 9 dots and only 4 straight lines

A

Mental set

44
Q

There is less a chance in your life that you won’t find somebody with the same birthday as you. When we hear a small percent we just say it’s zero. Ex. 10% chance it will rain. We take it as zero percent chance

A

Birthday effect

45
Q

Judgements based on what you already know. Ex. Flipped a coin 6 times and get HHHTTT and then again HTTHTH- they have the same chance of happening

A

Representativeness heuristics

46
Q

Decisions are influenced by how a situation is described. Ex. A 200 ppl are saved B 1/3 chance everyone is saved C 400 ppl die D 1/3 everyone will die 2/3 chance everyone will live

A

Framing effect
Framing lives saved “gain”
Framing lives lost “loss”

47
Q

The event was predictable after it happened

A

Hindsight biased

Psychology (8 decks)

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