chapter 7-8

Question 1

Interspecies competition

Answer 1

plays a larger role in most ecosystems and intraspecies competition. When competing, niches overlap, and resources are limited. The greater the niche overlap, the more competition.

Question 2

Resource partitioning

Answer 2

is an evolutionary adaptation that occurs competitors develop specialized traits that allow them to share scarce resources. This can involve using different parts of the resource, or using the resource at different times or in different ways. “Sharing the wealth.

Question 3

Herbivores

Answer 3

eat plants

Question 4

Omnivores

Answer 4

eat plants and animals

Question 5

Carnivores

Answer 5

eat animals

Question 6

Predation

Answer 6

is the process by which
one organism, the predator,
captures and feeds upon another
organism, the prey.

Question 7

Competition

Answer 7

occurs when two
organisms compete for the same
limited resource. This may be
food, shelter, water, space, or any
other biotic or abiotic factor that
both organisms need to survive.

Question 8

Symbiosis

Answer 8

is a close relationship
between organisms of different
species that live in direct contact
with one another.

Question 9

Population density

Answer 9

is the
number of individuals living
in a defined space.

Question 10

High
population density

Answer 10

means a
large number of individuals
living in a small area

Question 11

Population Growth Rate

Answer 11

is the amount of individuals added to a population over time.

Question 12

The Mark-Recapture technique

Answer 12

allows scientists to measure population of a species.
Biologists capture individuals in a population and tag them before releasing them back
into their environment. After some time, individuals are counted again, including the
previously marked organisms.

Question 13

Growth Rate

Answer 13

or change in growth over time, is equal to the difference between the sum of the birth rate
and the immigration rate, and the sum of the death rate and the emigration rate.

Question 14

Exponential Growth

Answer 14

population size increases dramatically over a relatively short period of
time. Growth starts slow, but increases very rapidly. This occurs when
resources are plentiful.

Question 15

Logistic Growth

Answer 15

population size increases slowly at the start, then grows exponentially, then
levels off to a stable size. This occurs when resources are limited.

Question 16

carrying
capacity

Answer 16

is the
maximum
population size
of a species that
an environment
can normally
and consistently
support.

Question 17

limiting factor.

Answer 17

A factor that keeps the population size down is called a

Question 18

Density-Dependent Limiting Factors

Answer 18

affected by the number of individuals in an area. The
larger the population, the greater the effect.

Question 19

Density-Independent Limiting Factors

Answer 19

factors that can impact a population regardless of its
density.

Question 20

type 1/k-selected

Answer 20

is late loss, meaning
mortality increases later in life.

Question 21

type 2

Answer 21

is constant loss, meaning
mortality is the same death rate
throughout life.

Question 22

type 3/r-selected

Answer 22

is early loss,
meaning mortality is high at an
early age.

Question 23

Resilience

Answer 23

is the ability of an ecosystem to recover after it
has undergone a disturbance. For example, a grassland
that has regular fires is considered resilient, because the
grasses quickly regrow and the animals return very soon
after a fire ends.

Question 24

Genetic diversity

Answer 24

allows different traits to be available in
a species. High genetic diversity in a species increases the
population’s chance of adapting to disturbances.

Question 25

Resistance

Answer 25

is the ability of an ecosystem to resist change
due to disturbances. Highly resistant ecosystems remain
essentially unchanged when a disturbance occurs.

Question 26

Ecological succession

Answer 26

is the sequence of biotic changes that restore a damaged community or create a
community in a previously uninhabited area.

Question 27

Primary Succession

Answer 27

is the establishment and
development of an ecosystem in an area that
was previously uninhabited, usually a bare rock
surface. This process takes hundreds of years.

Question 28

Secondary succession

Answer 28

is the reestablishment of an ecosystem in an area where the soil was left intact,
such as after a fire or flood. This process is much faster than primary succession. Pioneer species like
lichen are not required to start the growing process. Plants can start growing in the soil that is already
present. Although faster overall, the stages of plant growth are similar.

Question 29

Cultural Carrying Capacity

Answer 29

the maximum number of people who
could live in reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely, without
decreasing the ability of the earth to sustain future generations.

Question 30

Environmental Worldview:

Answer 30

the assumptions and beliefs that you have about how the natural
world works and how you think you should interact with the environment.

Question 31

Environmental Ethics

Answer 31

what you believe about what is right and what is wrong in your
behavior toward the environment

Question 32

Total fertility rate (TFR)

Answer 32

The average number of children
born to the women of childbearing
age in a population.

Question 33

Replacement-level fertility rate

Answer 33

The average number of children that
couples in a population must bear to
replace themselves.
2.1

Question 34

immigrate

Answer 34

into

Question 35

emigrate

Answer 35

out

Question 36

Environmental refugees

Answer 36

are
people who have to leave their
homes and sometimes their
countries because of water or
food shortages, soil erosion, or
some other form of
environmental degradation.

Question 37

Demographic Transition

Answer 37

As countries become industrialized and economically developed,
their per capita incomes rise, poverty declines, and their
populations tend to grow more slowly.