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chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Geology

A
  • the scientific study of dynamic processes
    taking place on the earth’s surface and in its interior
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2
Q

earth was found how. many years ago?

A

4.6 billion years ago

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3
Q

Core

A

the innermost layer of the earth and is
composed primarily of iron (Fe)The inner core is hot and solid.(egg yolk)

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4
Q

Mantle

A

the zone of the earth that surrounds the
core and is made of solid rock which can be soft and
pliable at high temperatures.

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5
Q

Asthenosphere

A

the outermost layer of the mantle
made of hot, partly melted flowing rock.

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6
Q

outercore

A

is surrounded by
molten, or hot fluid, rock. (egg white)

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7
Q

Asthenosphere

A

the outermost layer of the mantle
made of hot, partly melted flowing rock.is the soft, jelly-like layer of the mantle under the crust. It’s where rocks are so hot they can flow slowly, like melted plastic.

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8
Q

convection currents

A

are created as the
innermost material
heats and rises then
cools and sinks back
to the core.(pot)

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9
Q

magma

A

Molten rock from
the asthenosphere
which flows to the crust and is called(magma underground)

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10
Q

lava

A

Magma that
erupts to the earth’s
surface is called (above ground)

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11
Q

continental crust

A

the crust where all the land is

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12
Q

oceanic crust

A

where the land is underneath the sea(thinner due to the water pushing it down)71% of the earths crust is oceanic

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13
Q

lithosphere

A

This zone
contains the
mineral
resources that
we use

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14
Q

divergent boundaries

A

to go in 2 different directions.magma
flows up where the plates separate
forming new land and causing
volcanic eruptions and geysers.(pulling apart a cut)

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15
Q

convergent boundaries

A

when two plates push into each other.two
tectonic plates collide, one sinks
under the other causing it to melt
and causing the other plate to rise
forming mountains. All the land that melts causes escape pockets that create volcanos

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16
Q

transform boundaries

A

two
tectonic plates grind against each
other in opposite directions causing
earthquakes, mountains, and deep
cracks.

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17
Q

mineral

A
  • a naturally occurring chemical element or inorganic compound that exists as a solid with a
    crystalline structure. They take millions of years to form.(nonrenewable)
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18
Q

Silver

A

Ag

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19
Q

Rock

A

a solid combination of one or more minerals found in the earths crust

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20
Q

limestone

A

CaCO3

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21
Q

what are the three kinds of rocks

A

sedimentary
igneous
metamorphic

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22
Q

Sedimentary

A

rocks are made of
sediments - dead plant and animal
remains and particles of eroded rock.

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23
Q

Igneous

A

rock forms below or on the
earth’s surface under intense heat and
pressure when magma cools and
hardens.

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24
Q

Metamorphic

A

rock forms when an
existing rock is subjected to high
temperatures, high pressures, and or
chemically active fluids

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25
erosion
when rock or solid structures are worn away
26
rock cycle
uses the processes of erosion, melting, and metamorphism to change the earth’s rocks from one type to another.
27
bedrock
the deepest layer of the rock
28
R
bedrock source of all soil
29
O
(organic horizon) leaf litter, plants, anything that's alive or was once alive
30
A/E
(surface horizon)a lot of water, nutrients, and air
31
B
(subsoil)more rocks and minerals
32
C
(substratum) everything but blended its mixed through water and air all layers blended
33
fertile
able to produce life easy to grow plants
34
humus
the mix of decomposing organic material and parent material mixed with mineral form weathered rock
35
where is soil formation faster?
it is faster in climate that are wet and warm
36
deserts and tundras
have underdeveloped soils
37
rainforest
is low in nutrient and is acidic
38
soil made of up what?
clay, slit,sand
39
clay size
small
40
slit size
medium
41
sand size
large
42
space between particles, the bigger the space
porosity
43
the bigger the porosity determines the...
soil texture
44
water perolates
the texture determines how quickly water percolates or runs through it is also called soil permeability
45
CEC
(cation exchange capacity) low porosity, low permeability, sticky
46
47
47
reserves
Most estimates of the supply of a given mineral resource (nonrenewable) refer to its reserves: identified deposits from which we can extract the mineral profitably at current prices.
48
economically depleted
We have never completely run out of a nonrenewable mineral resource, but a mineral becomes economically depleted when it costs more than it is worth to find, extract, transport, and process the remaining deposits
49
Depletion time
is the time it takes to use up 80% of the reserves of a mineral at a given rate of use.
50
curve A
shortest depletion time
51
curve b
longer depletion time
52
curve c
longest depletion time
53
depletion allowances
Mining companies get a tax break! They can subtract 5-22% of the money they make from selling minerals (gross income) to cover the costs of digging and extracting. This lowers their taxes and helps them save money.
53
54
biomining
One way to improve mining technology and reduce its environmental impact is to use a biological approach called biomining. Bacteria is used to remove metals from ores, leaving the surrounding environment undisturbed and reduces the air and water pollution associated with removing the metal from metal ores.
55
Hydrothermal vents
on the ocean floor creates ore deposits called black smokers rich in copper, lead, iron, zinc, gold, and some rare earth metals.
56
Manganese nodules
on the Pacific The ocean floor can be sucked up through vacuum pipes or scooped up by underwater mining machines.
57
Open-pit mining
Machines dig large pits to remove metal ore
58
Overburden
is the waste material removed during mining processes including vegetation, soil, and rock overlaying a mineral deposit.
59
spoils
Overburden is deposited in piles called spoils.
60
strip mining
Extracts mineral deposits in a large horizontal bed close to the earth’s surface.
61
Contour Strip Mining
● Mostly for coal ● Hilly or mountainous terrain ● Cut into the wall and remove overburden and mineral
62
mountaintop removal
blows up the top of mountain. dirt are dumped into valleys and streams and increases flood risk
63
The US Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
requires the restoration of surface-mined sites. However, the program is underfunded and many mines have not been reclaimed
64
subsurface mining
-Produces less waste ● Hazardous cave-ins, explosions, and fires ● Lung disease ● Subsidence
65
Acid Mine Drainage
- rainwater seeps through an underground mine or a spoils pile from a surface mine and carries sulfuric acid (H2 SO4) is produced by aerobic bacteria in nearby streams and groundwater.
66
tailing
Removing metal from ores creates
67
smelting
is the process of using heat or chemicals to release the metals from the ore.
68

ES chapter (8 decks)

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