chapter 10

Question 1

Natural and planted forests

Answer 1

31% of earth’s land

Question 2

Old-growth Forest:

Answer 2

uncut or regrown forest undisturbed by natural or anthropogenic disturbances for at least 200 years.

Question 3

Second-growth Forest:

Answer 3

result of secondary ecological succession.

Question 4

Tree Plantation / Tree Farm / Commercial Forest:

Answer 4

managed forest and contains 1 or 2 species of trees all the same age.

Question 5

clear cutting

Answer 5

when people cut down all the trees in one area at the same time.has higher volume growth and produces residual products such as branches and tree tops

Question 6

Regeneration felling

Answer 6

people cut only some trees, not all of them. This gives space and sunlight for new trees to grow,

Question 7

soil scarification

Answer 7

when the top layer of the soil is scratched or loosened to make it easier for seeds to grow.

Question 8

shelterwood cutting

Answer 8

often used for pine, spruce its when older trees are left in place with larger gaps between to allow younger trees to grow the older trees and then protect the plants

Question 9

selective cutting

Answer 9

A selection forest has many different trees. The largest trees are felled and younger trees are left in place and allowed to grow until its time for the next felling cycle 10-15 years

Question 10

Topsoil erosion

Answer 10

sediment runoff; habitat loss; biodiversity loss; ease of human access increase

Question 11

carbon sink

Answer 11

A carbon sink is anything that absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases – for example, plants, the ocean and soil.

Question 12

World Resources Institute (WRI)

Answer 12

indicate that almost half of the earth’s old forest coverage has been eliminated mostly in the last 65 years.

Question 13

fuelwood crisis

Answer 13

happens when there isn’t enough wood available for people to use as fuel for cooking, heating, or other needs. This happens because too many trees are cut down faster than they can grow back,

Question 14

surface fires

Answer 14

Surface fires are fires that burn on the forest floor. They mostly burn grass, leaves, and small plants, not the tops of the trees. These fires can move quickly but are usually less intense than big wildfires. Surface fires can actually be helpful sometimes because they clear out dead plants and make space for new ones to grow.

Question 15

Ground fires

Answer 15

are fires that burn under the surface of the ground, in materials like dead leaves, roots, and peat (decayed plants in the soil).
They burn slowly but can last a long time,

Question 16

crown fires

Answer 16

intense fires that burn the tops of trees (the “crowns”). These fires spread quickly because the flames jump from tree to tree, especially in dry, windy conditions.
Crown fires are the most dangerous

Question 17

prescribed or controlled burns

Answer 17

remove flammable dry brush.

Question 18

Full Cost Pricing

Answer 18

Full-cost pricing means adding up all the costs of making and using something, not just the price you pay at the store. This would lead to higher prices on unsustainably produced timber and wood products.

Question 19

The National Forest system

Answer 19

protects about 40% of the total
forested area in the US.

Question 20

NPS

Answer 20

National Park System

Question 21

rangelands

Answer 21

unfenced natural grasslands
in temperate and tropical climates that
supply forage for grazing and browsing
animals.

Question 22

Pastures

Answer 22

managed grasslands or fenced
meadows with domesticated grasses or
forage crops like alfalfa and clover for
livestock to consume.

Question 23

overgrazing

Answer 23

overgrazing occurs when too many
animals graze the area for too long,
exceeding the carrying capacity and
destroying the grass and roots.

Question 24

rational grazing

Answer 24

is when animals are moved between different sections of land to graze. It keeps the land healthy and ensures there’s enough grass for the animals over time.

Question 25

Wetland mitigation
banking

Answer 25

is a policy
aimed at the current
goal of the US which is
“zero net loss” of
wetlands.
Florida

Question 26

everglades

Answer 26

The Everglades is a large, unique wetland area in southern Florida, USA. It’s made up of slow-moving water, swamps, and grassy marshes.is home to many plants and animals, like alligators, panthers, and birds, some of which are found nowhere else.

Question 27

Megareserves

Answer 27

large protected areas of land designed to conserve wildlife, plants, and ecosystems. help protect and sustain 80% of the country’s
biodiversity.

Question 28

ecological restoration

Answer 28

is the process of assisting the recovery of ecosystems that have been damaged or destroyed

Question 29

Reconciliation ecology

Answer 29

is the science of finding ways for humans and nature to coexist in the same spaces. Instead of separating people and wildlife into different areas,

Question 30

Megacities

Answer 30

Urban areas are increasing in number
and size

Question 31

hypercities

Answer 31

(more than 10
million people)

Question 32

megaregions

Answer 32

(more
than 20 million people) are growing
into

Question 33

natural capital degradation

Answer 33

is the damage or overuse of nature’s resources, like forests, water, and soil, making them less able to support life and provide essentials like food, air, and water.

Question 34

Pollution

Answer 34

is the introduction of harmful substances or materials into the air, water, or land, making them unsafe for living things.

Question 35

albedo

Answer 35

the
ability of surfaces
to reflect sunlight
- is lower on
darker surfaces,
meaning more
heat is absorbed
and retained.

Question 36

temperature inversion

Answer 36

occurs over urban heat
islands where a layer of stable warm air sits atop
cooler air.

Question 37

urban sprawl

Answer 37

is when cities spread out and grow bigger, taking over more land. This often leads to more houses, roads, and buildings being built in areas that were once farms, forests, or open space.

Question 38

Smart growth

Answer 38

encourages
environmentally
sustainable
urban
development
with less
dependence on
cars in order to
reduce
ecological
footprint.

Question 39

Eco-cities

Answer 39

are
people-oriented
urban plans
instead of cities
focused on cars.