Chapter 7 & 8 Flashcards
Associative learning
Learning that certain event occur together
Learning?
The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
Stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response
Cognitive learning
The acquisition of mental info wether by observing events, watching others, or through language
Classical conditioning
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Behaviorism
The view that psyc should be an objective science (agreed upon)that studies behavior without reference to the mental processes(not agreed upon)
Neutral stimulus (ns)
In CC a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Unconditioned response (ur)
In classical conditioning, an unlearned naturally occurring response (like salvation) to a natural (us) stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus (us)
In classical conditioning a stimulus that naturally triggers a response (ur)
Conditioned response (cr)
In cc, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Condition stimulus
In classical conditioning an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (us) comes to trigger a CS
Acquisition
In cc: when the neutral stimulus first starts to trigger a conditioned response
In oc: the strengthening of a reinforced response
Higher-order conditioning
When you introduce a second stimulus to trigger a CR after you already have a CS for it
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response. In operant when a response is no longer reinforced
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance after a pause of a. Extinguished conditioned response
Generalization
The tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Discrimination
In classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Law of effect
Thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by a favorable consequence becomes more likely and vice versa
Operant chamber
In operant conditioning research a chamber (also know as Skinner box)
Containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer
Reinforcement
In operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Shaping
Where reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers
Negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
Primary reinforcer
Reinforcing stimulus that can satisfy a biological need
Conditioned reinforcer
A stimulus that gains it’s reinforcing power by association. With the primary reinforcer
Reinforcement schedule
A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response everytime it occurs
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Reinforce a reponse only part of the time
Punishment
An event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows
Repondnant behavior
Occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of ones environment
Latent learning
learning that occurs but isn’t apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to preform behavior effectively for it’s own sake
Extrinsic motivation
A desire to preform the behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Observational learning
Learning by observing others
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Mirror neurons
Frontal love neurons that fire when performing certain actions or observing another doing so
Pro social behavior
Positive constructive helpful behavior the opposite of antisocial behavior
Ionization energy
The energy that it takes to lose an electron
3 steps in memory information processing
Encoding. Storage . Processing
Visual sensory memory is referred to as
Iconic memory
Echo memories fade after approximately
3 to 4 seconds
What’s not a measure of retention?
Retrieval
Our short term memory span holds approx this many items
7
Memory techniques sucks as acronyms and the peg-word system are called
Mnemonic devices
Grouping things In larger familiar units is called
Chunking
When learning occurs more what is released In to the synapses?
Serotonin
Memory construction reveals that
Memories reflect a persons biases and assumptions
How do people remember things best?
By being tested in the same environment they learned them in
Spacing effect?
Disturbed study yields better retention than cramming
Where are the neurons permanently changed after learning something?
Synapses
The basal ganglia plays a critical role in the formation of
Procedural memory
Memory for skills is called
Implicit memory
When words are presented grouped by category or in random order recall was
Better for the categorized words
The 3 stage processing of memory was proposed by
Atkinson and shiffrin
Hypnotically “refreshed” memories may prove Inaccurate because of
Memory construction
Which area of the brain is most important in processing of implicit memories
Cerebellum
Forgetting curve?
A rapid decline in retention initially becomes stable there after
Jenkins and dallenbach saw that memory was better in people who were
Asleep during retention interval
What is very insensitive in triggering retrieval
Recall
Amnesia victims normally have damage to
Hippocampus
In recalling a list what words will you have most difficulty with?
The middle of the list words
In a list what words will you best recall?
Those in the beginning
What type of word processing results in the best retention?
Deep
Will rats lose their memory of something if they have part of thier brain removed
No
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to
Form new memories
Long term potential ion refers to
The increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons
Repression is an example of?
Motivated forgetting
Studies by loftus and Palmer in which people were quizzed about a film of an accident in dictate that
People’s recall maybe easily affected by misleading information
Is speed reading a recommended studying technique?
No
What is it called when you get information Out of memory storage?
Retrieval
Amnesia patients typically experience disruption of
Explicit memories
Information is maintained i short term memory only briefly unless it is
Rehearsed
Textbook chapters are often organized into what? To promote information processing
Hierarchies
Traumatic Memories recovered by drugs / hypnosis are considered
Vividly remembered, unreliable and easily influenced, memories before age 3 are especially unreliable
Semantic encoding is a type of
Deep processing
Misinformation effect provides evidence that memory
May be reconstructed to during recall according to how questions are framed
