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Physcology > Chapter 7 & 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 & 8 Flashcards

0
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain event occur together

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1
Q

Learning?

A

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

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3
Q

Cognitive learning

A

The acquisition of mental info wether by observing events, watching others, or through language

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4
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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5
Q

Behaviorism

A

The view that psyc should be an objective science (agreed upon)that studies behavior without reference to the mental processes(not agreed upon)

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6
Q

Neutral stimulus (ns)

A

In CC a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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7
Q

Unconditioned response (ur)

A

In classical conditioning, an unlearned naturally occurring response (like salvation) to a natural (us) stimulus

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8
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (us)

A

In classical conditioning a stimulus that naturally triggers a response (ur)

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9
Q

Conditioned response (cr)

A

In cc, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

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10
Q

Condition stimulus

A

In classical conditioning an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (us) comes to trigger a CS

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11
Q

Acquisition

A

In cc: when the neutral stimulus first starts to trigger a conditioned response
In oc: the strengthening of a reinforced response

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12
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

When you introduce a second stimulus to trigger a CR after you already have a CS for it

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13
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response. In operant when a response is no longer reinforced

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14
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance after a pause of a. Extinguished conditioned response

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15
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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16
Q

Discrimination

A

In classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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17
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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18
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by a favorable consequence becomes more likely and vice versa

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19
Q

Operant chamber

A

In operant conditioning research a chamber (also know as Skinner box)
Containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer

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20
Q

Reinforcement

A

In operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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21
Q

Shaping

A

Where reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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22
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers

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23
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

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24
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Reinforcing stimulus that can satisfy a biological need

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25
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

A stimulus that gains it’s reinforcing power by association. With the primary reinforcer

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26
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

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27
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcing the desired response everytime it occurs

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28
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

Reinforce a reponse only part of the time

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29
Q

Punishment

A

An event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows

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30
Q

Repondnant behavior

A

Occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus

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31
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences

32
Q

Cognitive map

A

A mental representation of the layout of ones environment

33
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that occurs but isn’t apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it

34
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

A desire to preform behavior effectively for it’s own sake

35
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

A desire to preform the behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

36
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by observing others

37
Q

Modeling

A

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

38
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Frontal love neurons that fire when performing certain actions or observing another doing so

39
Q

Pro social behavior

A

Positive constructive helpful behavior the opposite of antisocial behavior

40
Q

Ionization energy

A

The energy that it takes to lose an electron

41
Q

3 steps in memory information processing

A

Encoding. Storage . Processing

42
Q

Visual sensory memory is referred to as

A

Iconic memory

43
Q

Echo memories fade after approximately

A

3 to 4 seconds

44
Q

What’s not a measure of retention?

A

Retrieval

45
Q

Our short term memory span holds approx this many items

A

7

46
Q

Memory techniques sucks as acronyms and the peg-word system are called

A

Mnemonic devices

47
Q

Grouping things In larger familiar units is called

A

Chunking

48
Q

When learning occurs more what is released In to the synapses?

A

Serotonin

49
Q

Memory construction reveals that

A

Memories reflect a persons biases and assumptions

50
Q

How do people remember things best?

A

By being tested in the same environment they learned them in

51
Q

Spacing effect?

A

Disturbed study yields better retention than cramming

52
Q

Where are the neurons permanently changed after learning something?

A

Synapses

53
Q

The basal ganglia plays a critical role in the formation of

A

Procedural memory

54
Q

Memory for skills is called

A

Implicit memory

55
Q

When words are presented grouped by category or in random order recall was

A

Better for the categorized words

56
Q

The 3 stage processing of memory was proposed by

A

Atkinson and shiffrin

57
Q

Hypnotically “refreshed” memories may prove Inaccurate because of

A

Memory construction

58
Q

Which area of the brain is most important in processing of implicit memories

A

Cerebellum

59
Q

Forgetting curve?

A

A rapid decline in retention initially becomes stable there after

60
Q

Jenkins and dallenbach saw that memory was better in people who were

A

Asleep during retention interval

61
Q

What is very insensitive in triggering retrieval

A

Recall

62
Q

Amnesia victims normally have damage to

A

Hippocampus

63
Q

In recalling a list what words will you have most difficulty with?

A

The middle of the list words

64
Q

In a list what words will you best recall?

A

Those in the beginning

65
Q

What type of word processing results in the best retention?

A

Deep

66
Q

Will rats lose their memory of something if they have part of thier brain removed

A

No

67
Q

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to

A

Form new memories

68
Q

Long term potential ion refers to

A

The increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons

69
Q

Repression is an example of?

A

Motivated forgetting

70
Q

Studies by loftus and Palmer in which people were quizzed about a film of an accident in dictate that

A

People’s recall maybe easily affected by misleading information

71
Q

Is speed reading a recommended studying technique?

A

No

72
Q

What is it called when you get information Out of memory storage?

A

Retrieval

73
Q

Amnesia patients typically experience disruption of

A

Explicit memories

74
Q

Information is maintained i short term memory only briefly unless it is

A

Rehearsed

75
Q

Textbook chapters are often organized into what? To promote information processing

A

Hierarchies

76
Q

Traumatic Memories recovered by drugs / hypnosis are considered

A

Vividly remembered, unreliable and easily influenced, memories before age 3 are especially unreliable

77
Q

Semantic encoding is a type of

A

Deep processing

78
Q

Misinformation effect provides evidence that memory

A

May be reconstructed to during recall according to how questions are framed

Physcology (7 decks)

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