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developmental > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

do most kids get an hour of exercise a day?

A

nope-the majority don’t

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2
Q

fine and gross motor skills in late childhood

A

fine starts to develop at adult level

gross continues to develop

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3
Q

when does malnutrition lead to problems?

A

problems last a long time if it occurs before age 3

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4
Q

rise in asthema

A

due to house air quality, hygiene hypothesis, cooking and air pollution

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5
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivated by own values and achievements

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6
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

external factors motivating you

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7
Q

phonics vs whole-language approach

A
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8
Q

experiment sampling method

A

wear a recording device (dont know if it will be on or off)

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9
Q

Cognitive structures pertaining to common cultural activities

A

Cultural models

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10
Q

Myopia

A

Being nearsighted (this usually starts to happen in middle childhood)

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11
Q

What happens during middle childhood that makes reaction time for gross and fine motor control?

A

Increased myelination in the corpus callosum

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12
Q

SES and sports

A

With lower ses they may have lower access to sports

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13
Q

Nutrition in early years effects on middle childhood

A

Kids who had high nutrition were more likely to explore new environments and persist frustrating situations.

Also more energetic, less anxious and showed positive emotions

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14
Q

Malnutrition after the age of three____

A

Does NOT appear to result in permanent cognitive or behavioral defects

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15
Q

World BMI

A

Has risen sharply over recent decades

Ore obease and overweight kids

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16
Q

Age group of children with lowest BMI

A

6-10 years old

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17
Q

How is kids BMI determined. What is BMI for over weight and obese kids

A

It’s relative to age group

Overweight-more than 85th

Obesity-higher than 95th

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18
Q

Why are rates of overweight/obesity rising in developed countries

A

Diets are becoming more like developed countries

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19
Q

Overweight

A

In children-BMI higher than 85th percentile for age

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20
Q

Obesity

A

In children higher than 95th percentile for age

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21
Q

Children who watched at lease ___ hours of tv a day gained ___ more body fat over course of study than those who watched less than 1 1/2 hours

A

Three hours

40 percent more body fat

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22
Q

Kids who watch most tv

A

Latinos and African Americans - this is why they tend to be more overweight

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23
Q

Genetics and obesity. What is the gene

A

Only provide risk. It’s not definite

Gene FTO increases risk

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24
Q

Risks for asthma

A 
Boys have higher risk 
Low birth weight 
Parents who smoke 
Poverty 
Obesity
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25
Q

Hygiene hypothesis

A

Standards of cleanliness and sanitation expose children to fewer illnesses in early years which strengthens their immune system

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26
Q

Most common injuries in middle childhood

A

Car accidents
Bike accidents

Kids are less likely to get hurt at this age because they can anticipate dangerous events

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27
Q

American American vs white families and asthma

A

Black families more likely to change environment (mattress cover, pillow case, no carpet, smoke and pet avoidance) than white fams

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28
Q

Concrete operations

A

In Piaget’s theory, it’s a cognitive stage in which children become capable of using mental operations
(Ex-not believing in Santa)

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29
Q

Seriation

A

Ability to arrange things in logical order such as shortest to longest, thickest to thinnest or lightest to darkest

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30
Q

Why is conservation a milestone for ages 6-7

A

Enables child to perceive regularities and principles around the natural world

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31
Q

Classification and middle childhood

A

Ex more girls or more children. Able to show that there’s more children

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32
Q

transitive infrence

A

the ability to detect an unspoken relationship between two facts

ex-if julia is taller than anna, and anna is taller than lynn, is julia taller than lynn?

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33
Q

acquiring an understanding of concrete operations depends on..

A

exposure to similar task and materials

ex-westerner performed better on standard test of concrete operations whereas mayan children were better at concrete operations task that involved materials used in weaving

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34
Q

why does information processing improve in middle childhood

A

myelination in brain especially in corpus callosum

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35
Q

selective attention

A

ability to focus on relative information and disregard whats irrelevant

younger kids have worse memory for specific information but better with irrelevant memory because of destraction

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36
Q

mnemonics

A

memory strategies such as rehearsal, organization and elaboration

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37
Q

rehersal

A

mnemonic that involves repeating the same information over and over

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38
Q

metamemory

A

understanding how the memory works

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39
Q

when is a kid classified as disabled

A

iq under 70

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40
Q

why is organizational memory effective

A

each category serves as a retrieval cue

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41
Q

elaboration

A

mnemonic that involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects them and makes it easy to remember

ex-every good boy deserves fudge

42
Q

knowledge base and memory

A

the more you know about a topic, the easier it is to memorize and recall information related to what you know

43
Q

intelligence

A

capacity for acquiring knowledge, reasoning and solving problems

44
Q

iq is calculated based on

A

how performance is relative based to people of same age

45
Q

median

A

distribution of data, the score is precisely in the middle. half is above and half is below

46
Q

normal distribution

A

typical distribution of characteristics of a population

resembles a bell curve in which most cases fall in the middle

proportions decrease at high and low extremes

47
Q

gifted

A

iq test when person scores 130 or higher

48
Q

flynn effect

A

steep rise in median iq score in western countries during the 20th century.

due to better prenatal care, smaller families, tv, preschool and decline of disease

49
Q

reaction range

A

range of possible developmental paths

healthy stimulated children reach top of reaction range while poor environment children do not

50
Q

the higher the countries disease burden….

A

the lower the countries median iq

51
Q

theory of multiple inteligences

A

gardner’s theory that there are eight different kinds of intelligences

52
Q

what are the multiple initeligences

A 
linguistic
musical
logical/mathmatical
body-kinesthetic
interpersonal (others)
intrapersonal (self)
naturalistist
53
Q

triarchic theory of inteligences

A

analytical
creative
practical

54
Q

pragmatics

A

social context and conventions of language

55
Q

why arent jokes multicultural

A

you need to know culture of language in order to understand their pragmatics

56
Q

most common second language

A

english. this is because the us is the most influential country in the world

57
Q

benefits and disadvantages of bilingualism at this age

A

advantage-participate in global economy and easier to learn-BETTER METALINGUISTIC SKILLS-score better on cognitive ability as well

disavantage-at early ages, they can apply grammer rules from one language and apply it to the other

58
Q

metalanguage skills

A

the understanding of language, skills that reflect awareness of the underlying structure of language

59
Q

difference between US schools and asian schools

A

asian schools view doing well as a moral responsibility whereas the us believes performance is based on ability

asian schools tend to wear uniforms and focus on collective. school year is also longer

60
Q

how are schools funded in the us

A

based on local property taxes rather than national government

schools in poor areas have less resources

61
Q

ways to teach children how to read

A

phonics approach

whole language approach

62
Q

phonics approach

A

breaking down words into sounds then putting them into words

63
Q

whole language approach

A

when teaching reading, emphasis is on meaning of written language rather than breaking it into small components

64
Q

numeracy

A

understanding of the meaning of numbers

65
Q

identification of learning disabilities happen when

A

there is a mismatch of whats expected and their performance

66
Q

IEP (individual education plan)

A

plan developed by teacher with a parent to help a child with special needs adjust to school setting

67
Q

(LRE) least restrictive environment

A

requirement that students with disabilities must have the opportunity to be educated with nondisabled peers to the extent possible

68
Q

mainstreamed

A

teaching kids with disabilities in normal class

69
Q

inclusion

A

educational practice where children with special needs learn in mainstream classroom with nondisabled children

70
Q

experience sampling method

A

having people wear beepers usually for a period of on week\record a variety of characteristics theyre feeling in the moment

71
Q

ambivalence

A

experiencing two contradictory states of emotion at once

72
Q

self concept in middle childhood

A

gets more complex over time

73
Q

western vs asian self esteem view

A

westerners value it more and asians believe it is problematic

high self esteem can threaten group by pursuing individual desires

74
Q

what is a strong factor of self esteem in middle childhood

A

appearance and capabilities

75
Q

self concept vs self esteem

A

self concept-perception and evaluation

esteem-sense of worth and well being

76
Q

why do kids in asia have low self esteem but still get good grades

A

its expected that they will be punished if they have high self esteem

in western cultures, praise is expected so those who have more critical parents than others can suffer low self esteem

77
Q

gender and traits

A

kids are socialized to have certain traits depending on gender in all cultures. it is consistent throughout the world

78
Q

first step towards romantic relations in middle childhood

A

“border work” it clarifies gender boundaries

79
Q

coregulation

A

relationship between parents and child where parents provide broad guidelines for behavior but children are capable of a substantial amount of independent self directed behavior

80
Q

rate of sibling conflict in middle childhood

A

once every 20 minutes. usually has to do with material possessions

81
Q

single motherhood is most prominent in

A

the us. especially with black women

82
Q

family process

A

quality of the relationships between family members

83
Q

divorce is problematic when… (and seems to effect__ most)

A

the family has high conflict. it tends to effect boys most for the first year

84
Q

age and divorce

A

early childhood kids are more likely to blame themselves

85
Q

coercive cycle

A

pattern in children’s disobedient behavior provides harsh response from parents, which make children more resistant to parental control, which evokes harsher responses

86
Q

mothers after devorse

A

usually become less warm, consistent and more punitive because of built up responsibilities and stresses

can in turn make a coercive cycle

87
Q

divorce mediation

A

arrangement in which a professional mediator meets with divorcing parents to help them negotiate an agreement both will find acceptable

88
Q

blended famlies

A

step parent has family of own.. this can lead to even more behavioral and emotional issues. especially in girls

89
Q

actions stepfather can take to make family more functional

A

be warm and loving instead of trying to discipline

90
Q

selective association

A

people tend to prefer being around others who are like themselves

91
Q

main reason for ending a friendship

A

breaking of trust. breaking a promise or not being there when needed

92
Q

social status

A

the degree of power, authority and influence each person has on the group

93
Q

rejected children

A

often disliked by peers. mainly for being aggressive but sometimes for being shy and withdrawn

boys are more likely to be rejected

94
Q

neglected children

A

rarely mentioned as liked or disliked. other children have trouble remembering who they are

girls are more likely to be neglected

95
Q

controversial children

A

liked by some disliked by others

aggressive at times but friendly to others

96
Q

what determines child’s social status

A

being friendly, helpful, cooperative and considerate

the only reason why there are nerds and geeks is not because of intelligence, but lack of social skills. intelligence usually enhances popularity in middleschool

97
Q

social information processing (sip)

A

in social encounters, evaluations of others intentions, motivations and behaviors

rejected children usually lack in this area and see peers as being aggressive

98
Q

why do rejected children have problems later on

A

they have a harder time developing social skills

99
Q

gender biases and teachers

A

how teachers treat kids influences traits they develop

100
Q

Changes in play in early childhood

A

Get more complex. They may elaborate rules about the powers and limitations of dolls instead of just playing with it

Competition and mastering info/complex rules

Card games and board games

Collecting objects

(All about organizing and planning)

developmental (8 decks)

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