chapter 4 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
cephalocaudal
A
head to tail
growth tends to begin at the top then proceeds downward
2
Q
proximodistral
A
growth proceeds from middle of the body outward (trunk and arms grow faster than fingers and hands)
3
Q
what is growth like in the first year
A
occurs in spurts rather than steady
4
Q
during the second trimester of development neurons are growing..
A
250,000 per minute
it then slows during third trimester….focus of development shifts to organs and to overall size
5
Q
what recieves neurotransmitters
A
dendrites
6
Q
overproduction or exuberance
A
burst in the production of dendritic connections
7
Q
three major regions of the brain
A
hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain
8
Q
hindbrain
A
mature earliest….perform basic biological functions for life
9
Q
two parts of forebrain
A
limbic system
cerebral cortex
10
Q
synaptic pruning
A
dendritic connections that are used become stronger and faster and those that are unused wither away
11
Q
structure of the limbic system include..
A
hypothalamus
thalamus
hippocampus
12
Q
hypothalmus
A
regulates basic animal functions including hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexual desire, hormone levels
13
Q
thalamus
A
acts as a receiving and transfer center for sensory info from body to rest of brain
14
Q
hippocampus
A
crucial in memory…especially transfer from short term to long term
15
Q
cerebral cortex
A
basis of upper level thinking
outermost part of forebrain
three to four times larger than a chimps, even though our brain is same size
85% of brain weight
16
Q
lateralization
A
specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the brain
(left is for language and processing info in a step by step way.)
(right is for spatial reasoning and processing info in a holistic, integrative way)
17
Q
corpus callosum
A
band of neural fibers that allows two hemispheres to communicate
18
Q
cerebral cortex lobes
A
frontal
occipital
temporal
parietal
19
Q
frontal lobe
A
highest processes, include planning for future and making decisions
20
Q
parietal lobe
A
processes bodily sensations
21
Q
occipital lobe
A
processes visual information
22
Q
temporal lobe
A
processes auditory information, including language
23
Q
four fs of hypothalamus
A
fighting, fleeing, feeding and fucking
24
Q
plasticy
A
degree to which development can be influenced by environmental circumstances
25
what happens if part of brain is damaged during infancy
other brain structures can take over
26
brain plasticity is expression of...
phenotypic expression of genotype
27
experience-expectant brain functions
brain functions that require basic,expectable experiences to develop in a normal pattern
28
how to avoid SIDS
sleep on back
29
Experience expectorant brain functions
Brain functions that require basic expectable experiences to develop in a normal pattern
30
Experience dependent brain functions
Brain functions that only develop with particular experiences that may be idiosyncratic to a particular infant
Ex-language
31
Where is cosleeping prominent ?
Cultures outside of the west
32
Why don’t westerns agree with cosleeping
Cosleeping would foster degree of dependency that would seem emotionally unhealthy
33
Custom complex
Distinctive cultural pattern of behavior that reflects underlying cultural belief
34
Infant sleeping arrangements are a good example of...
Cultural complex
35
Sleeping arrangement that reduces risk of sids? Why?
Cosleeping. People from these cultures tend to sleep on hard surfaces, place baby on back, and have more arousal during the night through breastfeeding
36
At what age is common to introduce solid food? Why?
4-5 months they can sit up with support. Though, they still have a gag reflex that makes them spit out any solid food that enters mouth
37
When does the ability to chew and swallow develop
Second half of first year
38
A disease in which the body waste away from lack of nutrients
Maramus
39
Oral rehydration therapy
Treatment for infant diarrhea and involves drinking a solution of salt and glucose mixed with clean water
40
When is there a greatest risk for infant mortality
First year in life...especially first month due to birth deficits and low birth weight
41
Number one cause of infant mortality
Diarrhea. They lose fluids and die of dehydration
42
Gross motor development
Balance and posture as well as whole-body movements such as crawling
43
Fine motor development
Development of motor abilities involving finely tuned movements of the hands such as grasping and manipulating objects
44
How do developmental psychologist view gross motor development
As a combo of a genetic timetable , environment (adults helping) and child’s own efforts
45
What is tummy time
Placing infants on stomachs for short periods each day to encourage them to learn to push up, roll over, sit up and stand
46
Can different cultural practices speed up or slow down gross motor development?
Slightly but not much. By the age of 6 months, there are no differences between different practices
47
What makes it possible for humans to have fine motor development?
Opposable thumbs
48
Prereaching
A reflex when When neonates extend their arms awkwardly toward an interesting object
49
When does prereaching no longer take place?
2 months
50
When do fine motor skills start to show?
Three months
51
What happens at around 9-12 months what are things that you need to watch out for?
they can grab and reach small objects and their tendency is to put things in their mouth
52
Princer grasp
Hold small object between thumb and finger
Occurs at 9-12 months
53
When does hearing develop
Last trimester of fetal development
54
Statistical learning
The ability to extract statistical regularities in information in the word
55
What important aspect of vision develops during infancy
Depth perception
56
What is the key to depth perception
Binocular vision
57
The ability to combine images of each eye
Binocular vision
58
Intermodal perception
Integration and coordination of info through various senses
| Hearing a sound and looking in the direction it came from, voices with faces, etc
59
When inter sensory information is consistent, 5 months olds exhibit...
More ERPs (evoked reaction potentials) indicative of more efficient neural processing rather than when events presented no intersensory consistency
60
What did Piaget term the first two years of life
Sensoimotor stage
61
Sensimotor stage
Involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities
62
Stages of Piaget’s sensorymotor stage
Simple reflexes
First habits and primary circular reactions (tasty fingers)
Secondary circular reactions (instead of bodily restrictions, it’s activity in external world. Eg-kicking a mobile hanging from crib)
Coordination of secondary schemes (actions are not by accident but intentional)
63
Critics of Piaget
He might be culturally bossy but still dominates because of no replacement
64
Habituation
Gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentation
65
Dishabituation
Following habitation, after the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented (ex-showing infants same pic of face several times in a row then show them a new face)
66
Joint attention
Notice what important people around them are paying attention to and will look in the same direction
67
Object permanence is a test of..
Short term memory and knowledge of properties of object
68
What is infantile amnesia due to
Lack of development in hippocampus
69
Developmental quotient (dq) was replaced with..
Hayley scales of infant development
70
Hayley scale of infant development uses..
Cognitive scale
Language scale
Motor skill
71
The only time Bayley scales of infant development can predict IQ is when.:
An infant scores extremely low on the scale
72
when does cooing begin
2 months
73
when does babbling begin
6 months old...10 months old specific language
74
when do language gestures begin
8-10 months
75
when do first words usually begin
around age 1
76
why do infants lie infant directed speech?
its emotionally charged. babies also prefer higher pitched voices
77
cooing
oooo-ing and ahh-ing and gruggling sounda babies make at aabout 2 months old
78
babbling
repetative prelanguage consistant vowel language such as ba ba ba or do dod do. happens arounf 6 months old
79
what happens with babbling as baby ages
babbles start to sound more like cultures spoken language
80
language comprehension vs language production in infants
language comprehension develops faster than production. by first birthday they can recognize about 50 words but only speak one or two
81
differences in gender and IDs
mothers talk to girls more than boys
82
temperament
innate responses to physical and social environment.
83
the most simple and effective biological measurement of temperament is..
heart rate
84
goodness-of-fit
theoretical principle that children develop best if there is a good fit between temperament of child and environmental demands
85
what happens if parent reacts to child's difficult temperament with anger
child develops more issues. disobedient and defiant
86
primary emotions
basic emotions such as fear, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise and happiness
87
secondary emotions
emotions that require social learning such as embarrassment, shame, and guilt
also called sociomoral emotions
88
what are secondary emotions also called
sociomoral emotions
89
what three primary emotions are evident in the early weeks of life
distress, interest, and pleasure
90
three primary emotions develop into other primary emotions.. what develops into what
distress turns into anger, sadness and fear
interest turns into surprise
pleasure turns into happiness
91
are infants who seem sad and have depressed mothers always genetically predisposed to depression
no, in infants responded to sadness in non depressed mothers with distress
92
what does it mean when an infant develops stranger anxiety
they have begun to develop attachments to familiar persons
93
when do social smiles appear? what are they
they appear around 2-3 months and are an expression of happiness in response to interacting with others
94
emotional contagion
in infants, crying in response to hearing another infant cry, evident beginning at just a few days old
95
infants are better at perceiving emotions by..
hearing not seeing
96
when can infants see emotions on other peoples faces
about 2-3 months
97
still face paradigm
infants expect emotional responses from others, especially caretakers. they will become distressed if they dont show any emotion
98
why does the still face paradigm distress infants
they expect people to respond to their emotions in ways they did in the past. they can discern others emotions and adjust their own emotions in response
99
social referencing
term for process of becoming more adept at observing others emotional responses to ambiguous and uncertain situations. then use that information to shape their own emotional responses
100
social referencing is basis of development in sense of humor
when parents smile or laugh at unexpected events, infants did too
101
in most cultures, where does the father stand during the first year
usually remote or absent
102
what happens if inadequate love and care lacks in the first year
they learn that they cant count on the good will of others and may shrink from social relations
103
etheology
study of animal behavior
104
attachment theory
bowlbys theory of emotional and social development, focusing on the crucial importance of the infants relationship with the primary caregiver
105
primary attachment figure
person who is sought out when a child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment
106
secure base
role of primary attachment figure, allows child to explore world while seeking comfort when threats arise
