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developmental > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

cephalocaudal

A

head to tail

growth tends to begin at the top then proceeds downward

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2
Q

proximodistral

A

growth proceeds from middle of the body outward (trunk and arms grow faster than fingers and hands)

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3
Q

what is growth like in the first year

A

occurs in spurts rather than steady

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4
Q

during the second trimester of development neurons are growing..

A

250,000 per minute

it then slows during third trimester….focus of development shifts to organs and to overall size

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5
Q

what recieves neurotransmitters

A

dendrites

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6
Q

overproduction or exuberance

A

burst in the production of dendritic connections

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7
Q

three major regions of the brain

A

hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain

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8
Q

hindbrain

A

mature earliest….perform basic biological functions for life

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9
Q

two parts of forebrain

A

limbic system

cerebral cortex

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10
Q

synaptic pruning

A

dendritic connections that are used become stronger and faster and those that are unused wither away

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11
Q

structure of the limbic system include..

A

hypothalamus

thalamus

hippocampus

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12
Q

hypothalmus

A

regulates basic animal functions including hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexual desire, hormone levels

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13
Q

thalamus

A

acts as a receiving and transfer center for sensory info from body to rest of brain

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14
Q

hippocampus

A

crucial in memory…especially transfer from short term to long term

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15
Q

cerebral cortex

A

basis of upper level thinking

outermost part of forebrain

three to four times larger than a chimps, even though our brain is same size

85% of brain weight

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16
Q

lateralization

A

specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the brain

(left is for language and processing info in a step by step way.)

(right is for spatial reasoning and processing info in a holistic, integrative way)

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17
Q

corpus callosum

A

band of neural fibers that allows two hemispheres to communicate

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18
Q

cerebral cortex lobes

A

frontal
occipital
temporal
parietal

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19
Q

frontal lobe

A

highest processes, include planning for future and making decisions

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20
Q

parietal lobe

A

processes bodily sensations

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21
Q

occipital lobe

A

processes visual information

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22
Q

temporal lobe

A

processes auditory information, including language

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23
Q

four fs of hypothalamus

A

fighting, fleeing, feeding and fucking

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24
Q

plasticy

A

degree to which development can be influenced by environmental circumstances

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25
Q

what happens if part of brain is damaged during infancy

A

other brain structures can take over

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26
Q

brain plasticity is expression of…

A

phenotypic expression of genotype

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27
Q

experience-expectant brain functions

A

brain functions that require basic,expectable experiences to develop in a normal pattern

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28
Q

how to avoid SIDS

A

sleep on back

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29
Q

Experience expectorant brain functions

A

Brain functions that require basic expectable experiences to develop in a normal pattern

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30
Q

Experience dependent brain functions

A

Brain functions that only develop with particular experiences that may be idiosyncratic to a particular infant

Ex-language

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31
Q

Where is cosleeping prominent ?

A

Cultures outside of the west

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32
Q

Why don’t westerns agree with cosleeping

A

Cosleeping would foster degree of dependency that would seem emotionally unhealthy

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33
Q

Custom complex

A

Distinctive cultural pattern of behavior that reflects underlying cultural belief

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34
Q

Infant sleeping arrangements are a good example of…

A

Cultural complex

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35
Q

Sleeping arrangement that reduces risk of sids? Why?

A

Cosleeping. People from these cultures tend to sleep on hard surfaces, place baby on back, and have more arousal during the night through breastfeeding

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36
Q

At what age is common to introduce solid food? Why?

A

4-5 months they can sit up with support. Though, they still have a gag reflex that makes them spit out any solid food that enters mouth

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37
Q

When does the ability to chew and swallow develop

A

Second half of first year

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38
Q

A disease in which the body waste away from lack of nutrients

A

Maramus

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39
Q

Oral rehydration therapy

A

Treatment for infant diarrhea and involves drinking a solution of salt and glucose mixed with clean water

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40
Q

When is there a greatest risk for infant mortality

A

First year in life…especially first month due to birth deficits and low birth weight

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41
Q

Number one cause of infant mortality

A

Diarrhea. They lose fluids and die of dehydration

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42
Q

Gross motor development

A

Balance and posture as well as whole-body movements such as crawling

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43
Q

Fine motor development

A

Development of motor abilities involving finely tuned movements of the hands such as grasping and manipulating objects

44
Q

How do developmental psychologist view gross motor development

A

As a combo of a genetic timetable , environment (adults helping) and child’s own efforts

45
Q

What is tummy time

A

Placing infants on stomachs for short periods each day to encourage them to learn to push up, roll over, sit up and stand

46
Q

Can different cultural practices speed up or slow down gross motor development?

A

Slightly but not much. By the age of 6 months, there are no differences between different practices

47
Q

What makes it possible for humans to have fine motor development?

A

Opposable thumbs

48
Q

Prereaching

A

A reflex when When neonates extend their arms awkwardly toward an interesting object

49
Q

When does prereaching no longer take place?

A

2 months

50
Q

When do fine motor skills start to show?

A

Three months

51
Q

What happens at around 9-12 months what are things that you need to watch out for?

A

they can grab and reach small objects and their tendency is to put things in their mouth

52
Q

Princer grasp

A

Hold small object between thumb and finger

Occurs at 9-12 months

53
Q

When does hearing develop

A

Last trimester of fetal development

54
Q

Statistical learning

A

The ability to extract statistical regularities in information in the word

55
Q

What important aspect of vision develops during infancy

A

Depth perception

56
Q

What is the key to depth perception

A

Binocular vision

57
Q

The ability to combine images of each eye

A

Binocular vision

58
Q

Intermodal perception

A

Integration and coordination of info through various senses

Hearing a sound and looking in the direction it came from, voices with faces, etc

59
Q

When inter sensory information is consistent, 5 months olds exhibit…

A

More ERPs (evoked reaction potentials) indicative of more efficient neural processing rather than when events presented no intersensory consistency

60
Q

What did Piaget term the first two years of life

A

Sensoimotor stage

61
Q

Sensimotor stage

A

Involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities

62
Q

Stages of Piaget’s sensorymotor stage

A

Simple reflexes

First habits and primary circular reactions (tasty fingers)

Secondary circular reactions (instead of bodily restrictions, it’s activity in external world. Eg-kicking a mobile hanging from crib)

Coordination of secondary schemes (actions are not by accident but intentional)

63
Q

Critics of Piaget

A

He might be culturally bossy but still dominates because of no replacement

64
Q

Habituation

A

Gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentation

65
Q

Dishabituation

A

Following habitation, after the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented (ex-showing infants same pic of face several times in a row then show them a new face)

66
Q

Joint attention

A

Notice what important people around them are paying attention to and will look in the same direction

67
Q

Object permanence is a test of..

A

Short term memory and knowledge of properties of object

68
Q

What is infantile amnesia due to

A

Lack of development in hippocampus

69
Q

Developmental quotient (dq) was replaced with..

A

Hayley scales of infant development

70
Q

Hayley scale of infant development uses..

A

Cognitive scale
Language scale
Motor skill

71
Q

The only time Bayley scales of infant development can predict IQ is when.:

A

An infant scores extremely low on the scale

72
Q

when does cooing begin

A

2 months

73
Q

when does babbling begin

A

6 months old…10 months old specific language

74
Q

when do language gestures begin

A

8-10 months

75
Q

when do first words usually begin

A

around age 1

76
Q

why do infants lie infant directed speech?

A

its emotionally charged. babies also prefer higher pitched voices

77
Q

cooing

A

oooo-ing and ahh-ing and gruggling sounda babies make at aabout 2 months old

78
Q

babbling

A

repetative prelanguage consistant vowel language such as ba ba ba or do dod do. happens arounf 6 months old

79
Q

what happens with babbling as baby ages

A

babbles start to sound more like cultures spoken language

80
Q

language comprehension vs language production in infants

A

language comprehension develops faster than production. by first birthday they can recognize about 50 words but only speak one or two

81
Q

differences in gender and IDs

A

mothers talk to girls more than boys

82
Q

temperament

A

innate responses to physical and social environment.

83
Q

the most simple and effective biological measurement of temperament is..

A

heart rate

84
Q

goodness-of-fit

A

theoretical principle that children develop best if there is a good fit between temperament of child and environmental demands

85
Q

what happens if parent reacts to child’s difficult temperament with anger

A

child develops more issues. disobedient and defiant

86
Q

primary emotions

A

basic emotions such as fear, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise and happiness

87
Q

secondary emotions

A

emotions that require social learning such as embarrassment, shame, and guilt

also called sociomoral emotions

88
Q

what are secondary emotions also called

A

sociomoral emotions

89
Q

what three primary emotions are evident in the early weeks of life

A

distress, interest, and pleasure

90
Q

three primary emotions develop into other primary emotions.. what develops into what

A

distress turns into anger, sadness and fear

interest turns into surprise

pleasure turns into happiness

91
Q

are infants who seem sad and have depressed mothers always genetically predisposed to depression

A

no, in infants responded to sadness in non depressed mothers with distress

92
Q

what does it mean when an infant develops stranger anxiety

A

they have begun to develop attachments to familiar persons

93
Q

when do social smiles appear? what are they

A

they appear around 2-3 months and are an expression of happiness in response to interacting with others

94
Q

emotional contagion

A

in infants, crying in response to hearing another infant cry, evident beginning at just a few days old

95
Q

infants are better at perceiving emotions by..

A

hearing not seeing

96
Q

when can infants see emotions on other peoples faces

A

about 2-3 months

97
Q

still face paradigm

A

infants expect emotional responses from others, especially caretakers. they will become distressed if they dont show any emotion

98
Q

why does the still face paradigm distress infants

A

they expect people to respond to their emotions in ways they did in the past. they can discern others emotions and adjust their own emotions in response

99
Q

social referencing

A

term for process of becoming more adept at observing others emotional responses to ambiguous and uncertain situations. then use that information to shape their own emotional responses

100
Q

social referencing is basis of development in sense of humor

A

when parents smile or laugh at unexpected events, infants did too

101
Q

in most cultures, where does the father stand during the first year

A

usually remote or absent

102
Q

what happens if inadequate love and care lacks in the first year

A

they learn that they cant count on the good will of others and may shrink from social relations

103
Q

etheology

A

study of animal behavior

104
Q

attachment theory

A

bowlbys theory of emotional and social development, focusing on the crucial importance of the infants relationship with the primary caregiver

105
Q

primary attachment figure

A

person who is sought out when a child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment

106
Q

secure base

A

role of primary attachment figure, allows child to explore world while seeking comfort when threats arise

developmental (8 decks)

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