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developmental > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

From ages 3-6 the typical child grows____

A

2-3 inches

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2
Q

Physical differences between wealthier children and poor children

A

Because wealthy children have more access to nutritional food, they tend to be taller and weigh more

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3
Q

When do baby teeth get replaced? How many baby teeth do they have and how many adult teeth?

A

They get replaced around age 6. They have 20 baby teeth that will be replaced by 32 adult teeth

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4
Q

Why do 40% of children get a cavity by age 5?

A

Inconsistent dental care and diets high in sugars and starches

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5
Q

What line of cerebral cortex grows fastest

A

Frontal lobes

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6
Q

What does growth in cerebral cortex look like from ages 3-15

A

It occurs in spurts followed by periods of vigorous synaptic pruning

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7
Q

What is increase of brain weight and size due to?

A

Dendritic connections and axon myelination

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8
Q

Increase in myelination in corpus callosum does what

A

Enhances speed of functioning throughout the cerebral cortex

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9
Q

What area of the brain has a significant increase in myelination in early childhood?

A

Cerebellum

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10
Q

Reticular formation

A

Part of brain involved with attention. Myelination is completed by ages of 5.

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11
Q

When is myelination in the hippocampus completed?

A

Age 5

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12
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Inability to remember anything before age 2

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13
Q

Appetites in early childhood

A

Vary from day to day

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14
Q

Most common nutrient deficiency in the US

A

Calcium (foods with beans, peas, broccoli, and dart products)

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15
Q

problems with children’s diet in america

A

too much sugar carbs and fat. not enough nutrients. calcium deficiencies common

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16
Q

in developing countries, which diseases are most prominent

A

phenomia, melariaa, measles

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17
Q

why has childhood mortality declined?

A

better food sources going to developing countries and childhood vaccines

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18
Q

age for minor illnesses, why are they good?

A

7-10, it helps build immune system

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19
Q

in developed countries..most injuries and deaths are caused from..

A

motor vehicle accidents

other common ones are drowning, falls, fire and choking

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20
Q

handedness

A

preference for using the left or right hand in gross and fine motor activities (experience in uterus may be linked to handedness)

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21
Q

preoperational stage

A

ages 2-7 which child becomes capable of representing the world symbolically (ex-through language) but is still limited in ability to use mental operations

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22
Q

conservation

A

mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even if its appearances change

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23
Q

centration

A

pigets term for young children thinking as being centered or focused on one noticeable aspect of cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects (neglect to notice change in width for pouring water into glass)

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24
Q

static reasoning

A

the assumption held by young children that things in the world are only one way and do not change (hearing someone call mom by her name)

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25
Q

irreversibility

A

lack of ability to reverse an action mentally (not seeing that amount of water is the same)

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26
Q

egocentrism

A

not being able to see things from others point of view

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27
Q

animism

A

aspect of egocentricism. tend to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects or forces (thunder is angry and moon is following them)

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28
Q

classification

A

ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group (ex-an object can be classified with red objects as with round objects)

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29
Q

executive function

A

mental processes and control over them, including working memory, controlling ones attention, cognitive flexibility, and self regulation

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30
Q

two parts of executive function

A

orienting system (controls other brain networks such as sensory system)

executive attention system (resolves competing actions in tasks where there is conflict and a choice must be made.

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31
Q

when does executive function get better (brain wise)

A

when orienting system and executive attention system get better connected to other parts of the brain

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32
Q

theory of mind

A

ability to understand thinking process in ones self and others

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33
Q

what becomes basis of pretend play

A

theory of mind (understanding someone can be pretending as well)

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34
Q

study that shows theory of mind/false belief task

A

sallyann hiding ball

(at age three, they believe it is in the new place, at age 4, they understand that they will look for it where they last saw it)

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35
Q

what relates to preoperational stage

A

theory of mind

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36
Q

diverse desires

A

understand people want and like different things

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37
Q

diverse belief

A

understand that people hold different beliefs and both opinions might be true

38
Q

hidden emotions

A

people may choose to hide emotions by presenting different facial expression (ex- a boy who doesnt want to be called cry baby)

39
Q

seeing leads to knowing example

A

a child sees a toy in a chest and judges weather someone who hasn’t seen inside closed container knows whats in it

40
Q

five kinds of theory of mind task

A 
diverse desires
diverse believes
hidden emotions
seeing leads to knowing
false belief task
41
Q

who will have issues with theory of mind task

A

children with autism

42
Q

vygotsky’s theory of learning takes a ____ approach

A

social and cultural

43
Q

cultural learning takes place via…

A

direct participation

44
Q

cultural learning in developed countries

A

focus on valued skills like reading, using list and tools for organization, planning, counting sums of money.

also away from parents more because their economy has intellectually demanding tasks

45
Q

cultural learning in developing countries

A

with families more. tas are more revolved around child care, tending animals and food preparation

46
Q

social benefits of preschool

A

higher verbal skills

stronger memory

stronger listening comprehension

47
Q

downside of preschool

A

kids tend to be more aggressive and disruptive but not all studies support this

48
Q

who benefits most from preschool?

A

children from low income families

49
Q

early intervention program

A

program directed at young children who are at risk for later problems from developing

50
Q

sensitive period

A

in the course of development, a period when the capacity for learning in a specific area is especially pronounced

51
Q

kids from asia tend to learn __ first and kids from western countries tend to learn __

A

verbs

nouns

52
Q

pragmatics

A

social and cultural context of language that guides people as to what is appropriate to say and not to say in a social situation

53
Q

undercontrol

A

trait of having inadequate emotional self-regulation

54
Q

externalizing problems

A

problems that involve others, such as aggression

55
Q

overcontrol

A

trait of having excessive emotional self-regulation

56
Q

internalizing problems

A

problems that entail turning distress inward, such as depression and anxiety

57
Q

major developmental task during early childhood

A

emotional regulation

58
Q

effort control

A

children focuses their attention on managing emotions

59
Q

children who have under control are more at risk of…

A

externalizing problems

60
Q

in initiative vs guilt, how should children learn emotional control

A

they cant be so tightly regulated that they feel excess guilt and their abilities to initiate activities is undermined.

61
Q

how do children learn morality

A

taught explicity (ten commandments)

through stories

CUSTOM COMPLEXES

modeling (when behavior gets rewarded from other)

62
Q

gender consistency

A

understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot chage

63
Q

gender schema

A

gender based cognitive structure for organizing and processing information, comprising expectations for males and females appearance and bahavior

64
Q

self socialization

A

process by which people seek to maintain consistency between their gender schemas and their behavior

65
Q

who plays a big part in gender socialization

A

fathers and peers

66
Q

how does gender schema shape our view of occurrences?

A

we tend to notice things that fit into our schema and dismiss things that dont

67
Q

practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children

A

parenting style

68
Q

degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for children and require their children to comply with them

A

demandingness (control)

69
Q

degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth, and concern for them

A

responsiveness (warmth)

70
Q

authoritative parenting

A

high in demandingness and high in responsiveness

they explain reasons for rules and expectations. they engage in discussion with children over discipline. sometimes leads to negotiation and compromise

71
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

high in demandingness but low in responsiveness

no verbal give or take

punish disobedience without compromise

(my way or the highway)

72
Q

permissive parenting

A

low in demandingness and high in responsiveness

friendly and wanting to be friends with child. thins discipline can be damaging

73
Q

disengaged parenting

A

low in demandingness and responsiveness

74
Q

authoritative parenting leads to

A

self confidence, optimism, self regulation, independendent, socially skilled

75
Q

children with authoritarian parenting leads to..

A

less self assured, less socially adept,

boys are often aggressive and unruly while girls are anxious and unhappy

76
Q

children with permissive parenting..

A

can lack self control and have difficulty getting along with peers and teachers

77
Q

children with disengaged parenting..

A

have higher risk of behavioral problems

78
Q

reciprocal or bidirectional effects

A

in relations between two persons. each of them effect each other

79
Q

filial piety

A

children should respect, obey, and revere their parents throughout life (common in asian cultures)

80
Q

types of agression

A

instrumental agression
hostile agression
relational agression

81
Q

instrumental agression

A

child wants something and uses aggressive behavior or words to get it

82
Q

hostile aggression

A

entails signs of anger and intent ti inflict pain or harm on others

83
Q

how can instrumental and hostile aggression be expressed

A

physical or verbal aggression

84
Q

what age is most vulnerable to agressive tv

A

3-6

85
Q

educational tv promotes..

A

prosocial behavior and children who tend to watch it have higher scores in school

86
Q

infantile amnesia is due to…

A

lack of awareness of self

lack of language in development

87
Q

childhood obesity is highest among..

A

latinos

88
Q

at what stage can kids represent the world symbolically

A

preoperational stage

89
Q

criticisms of piaget

A

underestimates cognitive abilities and culturally biased

90
Q

theory of mind in different cultures

A

western-individual
asian-others
(siblings may help develop this)

91
Q

kindergarten helps with..

A

emotional control/emotional readiness.

developmental (8 decks)

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