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developmental > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

kwashiorkor

A

protein deficiency in childhood leading to symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, thinning hair and swollen body. may be fatal if left untreated (and lack or iron?)

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2
Q

what are 1/4 of children world wide deficient in

A

protein and iron

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3
Q

what is the most common micronutrient deficiency

A

iodine / iron (same thing)

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4
Q

micronutrients

A

dietary ingrediant essential to optimal physical growth

including iron, iodine b12, c, and d

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5
Q

what does lack of iodine do

A

inhibits cognitive development. it results in iq deficiency of 10-15 points

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6
Q

solution to iodine deficiency

A

iodized salt

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7
Q

synaptic density- when does it peak

A

around age 3

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8
Q

process of rendering number of connections between neurons so that they become more efficient

A

synaptic pruning

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9
Q

a device that measures electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, allowing researchers to measure overall activity of the cerebral cortex as well as activation of specific parts

A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

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10
Q

a method of monitoring brain activity in which a person lies inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of stimulaion

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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11
Q

the brain has ___ as many neurons as it did at birth at age 2

A

half

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12
Q

what most distinguishes early brain development

A

synaptic density

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13
Q

toddlerhood is when peak synaptic density reaches___

A

frontal lobe

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14
Q

what happens after peak synaptic density

A

synaptic pruning

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15
Q

difference between what the fmri and eeg can record

A

fmri can detect activity in any part of the brain while eegs only detect the cerebral cortex

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16
Q

how do we know that toddlers are more adept at learning language than older kids

A

an increase in brain activity in response to speech

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17
Q

do more or less educated parents teach toilet train their kids later

A

more educated parents

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18
Q

signs that your toddler is ready to toilet train

A

staying dry for an hour or two during the day

regular bowel movements occuring at the same time every day

increased anticipation of the event-expressed through a look or words

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19
Q

weaning

A

cessation of breast feeding

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20
Q

difference between toilet training in developed and traditional cultures

A

in traditional cultures, older siblings and children are usually the guides

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21
Q

when does it become harder to wean? why?

A

it becomes harder the longer breastfeeding continues. toddlers are more socially aware so they can exercise intentional behavior and can protest against weaning

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22
Q

when are the final two stages of sensorimotor development completed

A

in toddlerhood

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23
Q

fifth stage of sensorimotor development

A

tertiary circular reactions

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24
Q

tertiary circular reactions

A

try out different behaviors to see what effects will be

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25
Q

mental representations

A

piagets final stage of sensorimotor development in which toddlers first think about the range of possibilities and then select the action most likely to achieved the desired outcome

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26
Q

deferred imitation

A

ability to repeat actions at an earlier time

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27
Q

a not b error can happen until

A

4-5, though toddlers start to get better at it

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28
Q

examples of defered immitation

A

pretend play

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29
Q

when does differed immatation start

A

6 weeks of age (ex-facial expressions)

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30
Q

deferred imitation is important for..

A

learning

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31
Q

what part of the brain is deferred imitation linked to

A

hippocampus

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32
Q

categorization is the basis of..

A

language

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33
Q

zone of proximal development

A

difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or more competent peer

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34
Q

private speech

A

self-guiding and self directing comments children make to themselves as they learn in the zone of proximal development (vygotsky)

35
Q

scaffolding

A

degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learners skills develop

(way experienced people simplify tas to make them easier for children to discover)

36
Q

guided participation

A

teaching interaction between two people (often adult and child) as they participate in a culturally valued activity

ex “playing school”

37
Q

infinite generativity

A

ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways

38
Q

why are we able to make a wider range of sounds

A

larynx is located lower in the throat, which creates a large sound chamber, the pharynx, above the vocal cords

39
Q

two areas of brain directly involved to language functions

A 
wernicke's area (left temporal lobe)
broca area (left frontal lobe)
40
Q

wernickes area

A

specialized in language comprehension (left temporal lobe)

41
Q

language acquisition device (LAD)

A

according to chompsky, innate feature of the brain that enables children to perceive and grasp quickly the gramatical rules in language around them

42
Q

signs of iodine defiency

A

swollen body and thinning hair

43
Q

from 12-18 months, toddlers lean ___ new words a week

A

three

44
Q

holophrase

A

single word that is used to represent a whole sentence

ex-“cup” can mean “fill my cup with juice”

45
Q

overextention

A

use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects

ex-applying family dog name to all dogs and fuzzy things

46
Q

underextension

A

use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects

ex-not understanding kitty is what the cat is, not its name

47
Q

fast mapping

A

learning and remembering a word for an object after just one time of being told what the object is called

48
Q

what is prunning based off of..

A

environment and experience

49
Q

name explosion or vocabulary spurt

A

when toddlers learn 5-6 words a week. this can involve fastmapping

50
Q

telegraphic speech

A

two word phrases that strip away connecting words such as “the” and “and”

it shows knowledge of word order

51
Q

overregulation

A

applying grammatical rules even to words that are exceptions to the rule

52
Q

criticisms of attachment theory

A

overstating roles of attachment figures and understating roles of kid. ( really,kids effect parents and parents effect kids)

53
Q

read page 213 how things are different in other cultures!

A

___

54
Q

cofounded

A

closely related and difficult to separate

55
Q

vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development vs piaget’s theory

A

vygosky emphasized the cultural bias of cognitive development. he proposed ideas such as scaffolding and zone of proximal development

56
Q

cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in piagets theory

A

ability for mental representation develops second half of second year and is basis for important aspects of later cognitive functioning

object permanence reaches near completion during this period

differed immitation and categorization also require mental representation

57
Q

emotional self regulation occurs in four ways during toddlerhood..

A

behaviors(run to trusted adult)

language(talking about feelings)

external requirements(not hitting)

sociomoral emotions(guilt same and embarassment)

58
Q

what are sociomoral emotions also called

A

self conscious emotions

59
Q

stage of toddlerhood according to erickson

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

60
Q

are terrible twos universal?

A

no-it depends on culture. westerns value self expression

61
Q

automoty vs shame and doubt

A

learning to do things independently or becoming doubtful about his or her own abilities

62
Q

sociomoral emotions

A

emotions evoked based on learned culturally based standards of right and wrong (also called secondary emotions)

63
Q

prosocial behavior

A

behavior intended to help or benefit others, including kindness, friendliness, and sharing

64
Q

secondary emotions are based off of

A

their social and culture environment

65
Q

self recognition

A

ability to recognize ones image in the mirror as ones own self

66
Q

self reflection

A

ability to think of oneself as one would think about other persons or objects

67
Q

sex vs gender

A

sex-biological

gender-identity

68
Q

when do children start to develop gender identity

A

around age 2

69
Q

custom complexes

A

distinctive cultural patterns of behavior based on cultural belief (ex-childrens toys geared toward different genders)

70
Q

three elements of gender development

A

evolutionary
ethological
hormonal

71
Q

evolution based theory of gender

A

men-survival based on aggressiveness, competition and dominance

females-nurturing, cooperative and emotionally responsive to others (more likely to attract males and be more effective at caring for children)

72
Q

ethology

A

study of animal behavior

gender has similar differences between different species, young ones are also prone to play in same sex groups

73
Q

difference in male and female hormonal balance

A

men have more androgens (they get a burst of androgens 3rd month of prenatal development)

women have more estrogen (hormonal differences influence human behavior)

74
Q

girls who were exposed to high levels of androgens in the womb are…

A

more likely to show male play behavior

75
Q

When is insecure attachment more likely to develop

A

When weaning

76
Q

In japan they describe the concept of amae, which is a close, physical indulgent relationship-between mother and child, what kind of attachment does research say this can lead to?

A

Insecure-resistant attachment

77
Q

when men have more than one wife

A

polygyny..its prominent in traditional cultures

78
Q

types of play

A

solitary
parallel
simple social
cooperative pretend play

79
Q

parallel play

A

take part in same activity without acknowledgement

80
Q

simple social play

A

talk to each other, smile, receive toys

81
Q

signs of autism

A

lack of interest in social relations
abnormal language development
repetitive behavior

82
Q

what is recommended tv intake for toddlers?

A

under 2-no tv at all

2 years old- shouldn’t watch more than 2 hours/day

83
Q

displacement effect

A

in media research, term for how media use occupies time that may have been spent on other activities

developmental (8 decks)

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