Chapter 7

Question 1

Arteries

Answer 1

Elastic, wrapped in smooth muscle, narrow due to epinephrine, bigger ones are less affected by sympathetic innervation

Question 2

Arterioles

Answer 2

Small, construction and dilation of arteriolar can be used to regulate blood pressure as well as rerouting blood

Question 3

Capillaries

Answer 3

Microscopic blood vessels, cross wall by 1. Pinocytosis 2. Diffusion or transport through capillary cell membranes, movement thought pores In the cells called fenestrations, movement thought the space between the cells

Question 4

Capillaries and pressure

Answer 4

Osmotic pressure remains constant but hydrostatic pressure drops from the arteriole end to the venule end. So at the venule end osmotic p>hydrostatic p and net fluid flood is into the capillary.

Question 5

Veins and venues

Answer 5

Veins Contain a far greater volume of blood. And veins, venules and venous sinuses and the systemic circulation hold about 64% of the blood in a body at rest and act as a reservoir for blood . Arteries arterials and capillaries and systemic circulation contain about 20% of the blood

Question 6

Cross-sectional area

Answer 6

Cross-sectional area of the veins it’s about four times that of arteries the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is far greater than the cross-sectional area of the veins or arteries

Question 7

Blood speed

Answer 7

Since the blood volume flow rate is approximately constant the blood velocity is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area. Therefore the blood is the slowest through the capillaries. The pumping force of the heart is a major contributor to pressure in the blood vessels to compensate for the lower pressures being have about system that prevents backflow of blood. The major propulsive force moving blood through the veins is the pumping force of the heart.

Question 8

Blood pressure

Answer 8

Blood pressure increases near the heart and decreases to its lowest in the Capillaries

Question 9

Air movement

Answer 9

Air enters through the nose moves through the pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles and into the alveoli were oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide with the blood

Question 10

Inspiration

Answer 10

Inspiration occurs when the medulla oblongata of the midbrain signals the diaphragm to contract

Question 11

Diaphragm

Answer 11

The diaphragm is skeletal muscle and innervated by the phrenic nerve. When relaxed the diaphragm is dome shaped. It flattens upon contraction spending the chest cavity and creating negative Gauge pressure. Upon relaxation of the diaphragm the chest cavity sinks and the elasticity of the lung along with the increased pressure in the chest cavity forces air out the body

Question 12

Nasal cavity

Answer 12

The nasal cavity is the space inside the nose. it filters moistens and warms incoming air. Coarse hair at the front of the cavity traps large dust particles. Mucus secreted by the goblet cells traps smaller dust particles and moistens the air.

Question 13

Cilia

Answer 13

Moves the mucus and Dust toward the pharynx so that it may be removed by spitting or swallowing

Question 14

Pharynx

Answer 14

Functions as a passage way for food and air

Question 15

Larynx

Answer 15

Voice box, sits behind the epiglottis which is cartilaginous member that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing. Wheeee no gaseous material enters the larynx a coughing reflex is triggered forcing the material back out. The larynx contains the vocal cords

Question 16

Trachea

Answer 16

Lies in front of the the esophagus. It is composed of ringed Cartilage covered by ciliated mucous cells. Like the nasal cavity the cilia and mucus cells collect dust in usher it towards the pharynx.

Question 17

Bronchi bronchioles and alveoli

Answer 17

Before entering the long trip to the right and branches many more times many tiny bronchioles. bronchioles terminate in grape like clusters called alveolar sacs composed of tiny alveoli. From each alveolus oxygen diffuses into a capillary where it is picked up by Red blood cells. Rbc release co2 which diffuses into the alveolus and is expelled upon exhalation

Question 18

Partial p of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Answer 18

110 mm Hg and 40 mm Hg

Question 19

Gas exchange

Answer 19

98%of the oxygen in the blood binds rapidly and reversibly with the protein hemoglobin inside the erythrocytes for me oxyhemoglobin

Question 20

Plasma

Answer 20

Contains the matrix of the blood which includes water ions urea ammonia proteins and other organic and inorganic compounds

Question 21

Albumin and Immunoglobulins

Answer 21

Transport fatty acids and steroids as well as acting to regulate the osmotic pressure of the blood;

Question 22

No fibrinogen

Answer 22

Serum

Question 23

Erythrocytes

Answer 23

bags of hemoglobin do not undergo under mitosis. Disk shaped vesicles whose main function is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Plasma membranes wearout in about 120 days most worn-out RBCs burst as they squeeze through channels and the spleen or to a lesser extent in the liver

Question 24

Leukocyte a

Answer 24

Organelles no hemoglobin

Question 25

Stem cells

Answer 25

Precursor cell in bone marrow. Rbc lose nucleus in marrow, lose rest of their organelles within 1 or 2 days

Question 26

Granulocytes

Answer 26

Live a short time

Question 27

Monocytes – macrophages

Answer 27

Live for months or years

Question 28

Lymphocytes

Answer 28

Live for years

Question 29

Platelets

Answer 29

Small portions of membrane-bound cytoplasm torn from megakaryocytes. Tiny cells without a nucleus. Contain actin and myosin residuals and the ER mitochondria capable making protaglandins and some important enzymes. Have a half-life of 8 to 12 days in the blood

Question 30

Inmate immunity

Answer 30

Skin
Stomach acid and digestive enzymes
Phagocytotic cells
Chemicals in blood

Question 31

Inflammation

Answer 31

Dilation about vessels increased permeability of capillaries swelling of tissue cells in migration of granulocytes and macrophages to the inflamed area

Question 32

Infection

Answer 32

Macrophages eat 100 bacteria then neutrophils eat 5-20 bacteria. Then they die and along with tissue fluid and necrotic tissue male pus

Question 33

Humoral/b cell immunity

Answer 33

B lymphocyte. Each one make an antibody (immunoglobulin). Antibody recognizes antigen. B lymphocyte recognizes antigen it becomes plasma cells and memory B cells. Plasma cells release free antibodies into cells. Recognize antigen and bind to it. Antibodies mark cell for phagocytosis by macrophages.

Question 34

First exposure

Answer 34

Primary response. Takes 20 days

Question 35

Secondary response

Answer 35

5 days

Question 36

Humoral immunity etc

Answer 36

Works against bacteria, fungi, parasitic protozoans, viruses and blood toxins

Question 37

Cell mediated immunity–t lymphocyte

Answer 37

T lymphocytes never make free antibodies in the finest T lymphocytes are tested against self antigens. if the T lymphocytes binds to a self antigen that T lymphocyte is destroyed. if it does not it is released to lodge in lymphoid tissue or circulate between the blood in the lymph tissue.

Question 38

T lymphocytes cont

Answer 38

Not destroyed– differentiate

Question 39

Helper t

Answer 39

Assist in activating b lymphocytes as well as killer and suppressor T cells. Are attacked by HIV

Question 40

Memory T cells

Answer 40

Similar to memory B cells

Question 41

Suppressor T cells

Answer 41

Play negative feedback role in the immune system

Question 42

Killer T cells

Answer 42

Bind to antigen carrying and release perforin (punctures the antigen carrying cell) can attack many cells because they don’t phagocytize their victims. Help to fight forms of cancer and for attacking transplanted tissue.