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MCAT Biology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

virus

A

has aa capsid, and from 1 to several hundred genes in the form of DNA or RNA in the capsid; not

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2
Q

capsid

A

protein coat

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3
Q

envelope

A

lipid rich, viruses surround themselves with them , contains virus specific proteins

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4
Q

viruses; living organisms

A

don’t metabolize nutrients, can’t reproduce by themselves, can have DNA or RNA but not both, don’t have a cell wall or a membrane

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5
Q

viral infection

A
  1. virus absorbs chemical receptor site on the host (chemical receptor is a specific glycoprotein) 2. nucleic acid of the virus penetrates into a cell, in bacteriophages nucleic acid is normally injected through the tail after viral enzymes have digested a hole in the cell wall. in
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6
Q

endocytotic

A

most viruses that infect eukaryotes are englufed via this process

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7
Q

lytic infection

A

virus takes over the cell’s reproductive machinery and begins reproducing new viruses. cell fills with new viruses until it bursts

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8
Q

eclipse period

A

brief period before the first fully formed virion appears

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9
Q

latent period

A

perfiod from infection to lysis (includes eclipse period)

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10
Q

virulent virus

A

virus following the lytic cycle

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11
Q

lysogenic infection

A

viral DNA is incorpoated in to the host genome, or if the virus is RNA and it posses the enzyme reverse transcriptase (then DNA is reverse transcribed from RNA and then incroporated in the host cell). so when the host cell replicates its DNA the viral DNA is replicated as well

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12
Q

temperate virus

A

virus in a lysogenic cycle

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13
Q

dormant or latent

A

viral DNA is incorporated in the host DNA and is called a provirus

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14
Q

plus strand RNA

A

proteins can be directly translated from the RNA (unenveloped)

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15
Q

retro viruses

A

enveloped plus strand RNA // carries the enzyme reverse transcriptase

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16
Q

minus strand RNA

A

is the complement to mRNA and must be transcribed to plus RNA before being translated

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17
Q

types of viruses

A

double stranded RNA and single and double stranded DNA viruses

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18
Q

viriods

A

small rings of naked RNA, only infect plants

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19
Q

prions

A

cause infections in animals, capable of reproducing themselves

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20
Q

vaccine

A

either injection of antibodies or an injection of a non patheogenic viruse with the same capsid or envelope

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21
Q

carrier population

A

more than one animal may carry the virus thus it could be transferred back to humans

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22
Q

prokaryotes

A

don’t have a membrane bound nucleus, most are in the domain bacteria

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23
Q

archaea

A

more in common with eukaryotes, extreme environments, cell walls not made of peptidoglycan

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24
Q

fixing CO2

A

all microorganisms, reducing CO2 and using the carbon to create organic molecules

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25
Q

autotrophs

A

capable of fixing CO2 as their sole source of carbon

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26
Q

heterotrophs

A

get carbon from organic matter

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27
Q

phototrophs

A

use light as an energy source

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28
Q

chemotrophs

A

use oxidation of organic and inorganic matter

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29
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

N2 converted to ammonia

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30
Q

nitrifcation

A

creates nitrates from ammonia

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31
Q

nucleoid

A

RNA, DNA and protein complex in prokaryotes, not enclosed by a membrane

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32
Q

cocci

A

round shaped bacteria

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33
Q

bacilli

A

rod shaped bacteria

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34
Q

sprilla

A

helically shaped bacteria

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35
Q

ribosomes

A

prokaryotes have them, translate proteins,

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36
Q

mesoomes

A

invaginations of the plasma membrane

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37
Q

inclusion bodies

A

granules of organic or inorganic matter that may be visible under a light microscope

38
Q

plasma membrabe

A

surrounds the cyotosol of nearly all prokaryotes by a phospholipid bilayer

39
Q

phoshpholipid

A

phosphate group, 2 FA chains and glycerol backbone (baloon with two strings), molecules is amphipathic

40
Q

micelle

A

polar ends toward the soultion, nonpolar ends toward each other

41
Q

prokaryotes plasma membrane

A

doesn’t have steroids, some have steroid like molecules

42
Q

integral/intrinsic proteins

A

traverse the membrane from the inside of the cell to the outside

43
Q

peripheral or extrinisic proteins

A

situated on the surfaces of them membrane – ionically bonded to integral proteins or the polar group of the lipid

44
Q

fluid mosiac model

A

membrane is fluid, parts can move laterally but cannot separate , asymmetrical layout of its proteins, hopanoids probably reduce fluidity. in eukaryotic membranes cholesterol modertaes membrane fluidity

45
Q

diffusion

A

occurs in the direction of lower concentration

46
Q

chemical concentration gradient

A

a gradual change in concentration of a compound over a distance, series of vectors pointing in the direction of lower concentration

47
Q

electrical gradient

A

points in the direction that positively charged particle will tend to move

48
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

chemical and electrical gradient combined

49
Q

semipermeable

A

slows diffusion for a particle but doesn’t stop it

50
Q

aspects of a compound and semipermeability

A

size and charge – bigger less permeable and more polar less permeable

51
Q

passive diffusion

A

molecules move through leakage channels across the channel due to random motion

52
Q

transfer or carrier proteins

A

help move molecules that are too big or too charged to passively diffuse across the membrane

53
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion occur down electro-chemical gradient of all species involved

54
Q

selectively permeable

A

facilitated diffusion makes membranes ___ because it is able to select between molecules of similar size and charge

55
Q

active transport

A

movement of a compound against its electrochemical gradient, requires ATP

56
Q

secondary active transport

A

using ATP to create e-c gradient and then using the energy of e-c gradient to acquire or expel a molecule

57
Q

bacterial envelope

A

surrounds the protoplast

58
Q

protoplast

A

bacterial plasma membrane and everything inside it

59
Q

cell wall

A

component of the envelope, adjacent to the plasma membrane, prevents cell from bursting

60
Q

hypertonic

A

cytosol is more concentrated than aq solution surrouding them

61
Q

isotonic

A

same amount of particles

62
Q

hyootonic

A

cytosol contains less particles

63
Q

peptidoglycan

A

cell wall made of, disaccharid polymer chains with AA, 3 of which aren’t found in proteins, chains are continuous, more elastic than cellulose, porous

64
Q

gram sgram staining

A

stains two major clel wall types differently

65
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

thick peptidoglycan cell wall, prevent gram stain from leaking out, appear purple

66
Q

gram-negative bacteria

A

appear pink when gram stained, thin peptidoglycan cell wall, outside the cell wall they have phospholipid bilayer (more permeable)

67
Q

slime layer

A

wraps bacteria, can be washed off

68
Q

pili

A

short tenacles, can attach a bacterium to a solid surface, not involved in cell motility

69
Q

flagella

A

long, hollow, rigid, helical cyclinders made from the globular protein flagella, rotate counterclockwise to propel bacterium in one direction, move clockwise– bacteria tumbles – allow bacteria to change orientation and go in a new direction, propelled using energy from a protein gradient

70
Q

genetic recombination

A

how bacteria get new genes

71
Q

binary fission

A

two DNA polymerase begin at origin of replication, move in opposite direction making single strands that combine with template strands to form two complete DNA double stranded circles, cell then divides – cells are gentically identical

72
Q

conjugation

A

one bacteria needs to have a plasmid with the gene that codes for the sex pilus , plasmids are small circles of DNA, need to have a conjugative plasmid to initate conjugation , sex pilus is a hollow protein tube that connects two bacteria to allow for the passage of DNA, connects the cell that has the conj, plasmid to the one that doesnt, a strand of the plasmid is nicked and one of the strand separates from its complement the loose strand is then replicated and fed through the pilus

73
Q

F plasmid

A

fertility factor of F factor ( have it = F+), if pilus is made while the F factor is integrated into the chromosome some or all the rest of the chromosome may be replicated and transferred

74
Q

R plasmid

A

resistance to antibiotics

75
Q

transformation

A

bacteria incorporate DNA from their external environment into their genome

76
Q

transduction

A

when virions infect a new bacterium and they inject harmless DNA instead of virulent viral DNA fragments

77
Q

vector

A

virus that mediates tranduction

78
Q

endospores

A

gram positive bacteria lie dormant for ears, resistant to heat, UV radiation, chemical disinfectant and desications, , bacterium divides within its cell wall , has to be activated before it can germinate and grow – activated by heat and germination is triggered by nutrients

79
Q

fungi

A

distinct kingdown with three divisions– NOT PHYLA – eukaryotic heterotrophs obtains food by absorption, secrete their digestive enzymes outside their bodies and then absorb the products of digestions.// don’t distinguish between living and dead matter - -can be potent pathogens

80
Q

saprophytic

A

live off dead or organic matter

81
Q

septa

A

cell walls made of chitlin(polysacchirde)

82
Q

chitlin

A

more resistance to microbial attack than cellulose

83
Q

zygomycota

A

don’t have a cell wall

84
Q

yeast

A

unicellular fungi

85
Q

fungi cont

A

don’t have centrioles, mitosis happens in nucleus, nuclear envelope never breaks down

86
Q

mycelium

A

tangled mass growth state of fungi

87
Q

hyphae

A

branched thread-like stuctures

88
Q

fungi growth state

A

haploid stage predominate, hyphae are haploid

89
Q

reproductive structures

A

release haploid spores – give rise to new mcelia in asexual repoduction

90
Q

yeast

A

rarely produce sexually by producing spores – asexual reproduction occurs by budding (cell fission)

91
Q

sexual reproduction fungi

A

between hyphae from two mycelia of different matting type + and = – grow toward on another, eventually touch and make a conjufation bridge.

92
Q

deciding between types of reproduction

A

sexual reproduction– times are tough | asexual reporudction – times are good

MCAT Biology (7 decks)

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