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GEOG 1180 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Atmospheric Stability

A

the tendency of air to ascend or descend vertically

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2
Q

Adiabatic Rate

A

warming or cooling rates for ascending or descending air masses.

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3
Q

Air cools at different lapse rates

A

(3) Environmental Lapse Rate Dry Adiabatic Rate (DAR) Moist Adiabatic Rate (MAR)

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4
Q

Environmental Lapse Rate

A

the actual lapse rate at a particular place and time - can vary by several degrees per thousand meters

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5
Q

Environmental Lapse Rate differs depending on what environmental factors?

A

(3) - location - season - atmospheric pollution

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6
Q

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR)

A

the rate at which dry air (RH <100%) cools by expansion as it ascends/warms by compression as it descends - 10 C° per 1000 m

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7
Q

Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate (MALR)

A

the rate at which moist (saturated, RH=100%) air cools as it ascends/warms by compression as it descends - 6 C° per 1000 m

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8
Q

Lifting Condensation Level

A

the altitude at which the dew point temperature, saturation, and active condensation occurs

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9
Q

Clouds are fundamental indictors of ____

A

overall conditions including: - stability - moisture content - weather

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10
Q

how do clouds form?

A

Clouds form as air becomes saturated with water

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11
Q

Cloud

A

A cloud is an aggregation of tiny moisture droplets and ice crystals that are suspended in air and are great enough in volume and concentration to be visible

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12
Q

Three states of water

A

Liquid, Solid (ICE), Vapour

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13
Q

When does saturation occur?

A
  • decrease in Air temp - addition of water vapour
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14
Q

Dew Point Temperature

A

Temperature at which net condensation occurs

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15
Q

Properties of Water

A
  • Polar - Universal Solvent - Surface Tension that occurs due to hydrogen bonding - Capillarity (hydrogen molecules pulling on each other_
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16
Q

Phase change involves the absorption or release of what kind of heat?

A

absorption or release of latent heat

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17
Q

Sublimation

A

A process in which ice evaporates directly to water vapour or water vapour freezes to ice

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18
Q

Latent Heat

A

Energy required for a change of state.

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19
Q

Specific Humidity

A

mass of water vapour per mass of air at any specific temperature.

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20
Q

Relative Humidicty

A

Ratio of amount of water vapour actually in air to maximum amount possible at a given temperature.

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21
Q

Vapour Pressure

A

Portion of total air pressure that results from water vapour molecules (mb).

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22
Q

Two things necessary for raindrop/snow formation (condensation processes)

A
  1. Collision - Coalescence process 2. Bergeron ice-crystal process
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23
Q

Fog

A

Is a (generally stratiform) cloud that occurs at ground level

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24
Q

Maximum Specific Humidity

A

the maximum mass of water a mass of air can hold at a specific temperature

25
Q

Condensation requires..

A

cloud condensation nuclei, microscopic particles (dust, soot, ash, particles from burned fuel, sea salts)

26
Q

Cloud Names

A
  • Stratus - Cumulus - Nimbostratus - Stratocumulus - Altocumulus - Cirrus - Cumulonimbus -
27
Q

Stratus

A

Stratiform (flat) cloud generally below 2000m

28
Q

Cumulus

A

Bright and puffy cumuliform cloud up to 2000m in altitude

29
Q

Nimbostratus

A

Rain-producing stratus clouds (gentle dizzle)

30
Q

Strato cumulus

A

Lumpy, grayish, lowlevel cloud (patchy) near end of the day

31
Q

Altocumulus

A

Middle-level, puffy clouds. (Lenticular clouds, other forms)

32
Q

Cirrus

A

High altitude, ice crystal clouds

33
Q

Cumulonimbus

A

Towering cumulus cloud. Thunderhead.

34
Q

Five types of Fog

A
  • Radiation Fog - Rime Fog - Ice-Crystal Fog - Advection Fog - Evaporation Fog
35
Q

Radiation Fog

A

When radiative cooling of a surface chills the air layer directly above that surface to the dew­point temperature, creating saturated conditions, a radiation fog forms • This fog occurs over moist ground, especially on clear nights; it does not occur over water because water does not cool appreciably overnight

36
Q

Rime Fog

A

• Similar to radiation fog, rime fog consists mostly of tiny supercooled droplets that turn into rime frost on contact with freezing objects It is very common in cold weather, when the air temperature near the surface is below freezing and the air is fairly moist. Rime fog usually happens when the sky is clear on cold mornings. When this type of fog occurs at airports, aircraft have to deice before takeoff.

37
Q

Ice crystal fog

A

At low temperatures in a continental Arctic air mass, ice-crystal fog may develop, for example, when the air becomes full of ice crystals that formed by sublimation. Such an ice­crystal fog seriously limits visibility

38
Q

Advection Fog

A

When air in one place migrates to another place where conditions are right for saturation, an advection fog forms • Off all subtropical west coasts in the world, summer fog forms in the manner just described • One type of advection fog forms when moist air flows to higher elevations along a hill or mountain. • This upslope lifting leads to adiabatic cooling by expansion as the air rises • Another advection fog associated with topography is valley fog

39
Q

Evaporation Fog

A

Another type of fog that is related to both advection and evaporation forms when cold air lies over the warm water of a lake, an ocean surface, or even a swimming pool. This wispy evaporation fog, or steam fog, may form as water molecules evaporate from the water surface into the cold overlying air, effectively humidifying the air to saturation, followed by condensation to form fog

40
Q

Adiabatic process

A

warming or cooling of ascending or descending (and contracting or expanding) air masses

41
Q

adiabatic cooling by ___

A

expansion

42
Q

adiabatic warming by ____

A

contraction

43
Q

conditionally unstable

A

DALR > ELR > MALR

44
Q

stable

A

DALR > MALR > ELR

45
Q

unstable

A

ELR > DALR > MALR

46
Q

Cold Front

A

Leading edge of cold air mass. Almost always associated with thunderstorms and cumulonimbus clouds

47
Q

Warm Front

A

Leading edge of warm air mass. Associated with showers or light rain.

48
Q

Stationary Front

A
49
Q

Occluded Front

A

Very stormy weather, intense precipitaion.

50
Q

Occlusion

A

A cold air front moves faster than a warm air front. Once they meet, an occluded front occurs. This point is called the point of occlusion. Mixing will eventually create one single mass of cold air.

51
Q

Cyclogenesis

A

The birth of a cyclone.

52
Q

Formation of a cyclone

A

Cyclogenesis

Open Stage

Occluded Stage

Disslving stage

53
Q

Jet Stream

A
54
Q

Polar Jet Stream

A
55
Q

Tornado

A

Wind

56
Q

How are tornados formed?

A

Vertical wind shear causes a rotating column of air to spin along a horizontal axis. Updrafts then tilt the horizontal spinning vertical. Forms from a thunderstorm that is at least medium sized (mesoscyclone).

57
Q

Vertical wind shear

A
58
Q

Most tornadoes start from south and head

A

North East

GEOG 1180 (12 decks)

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