Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GEOG 1180 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Temperature Anomaly

A

is a difference, or irregularity, found by comparing recorded average annual temperatures against the long term annual temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

For each celsius degree of global temperature increase:

A
  • 5-10% changes in precipitation in many regions
  • 3-10% increases in amount of rainfall during heaviest precipitation events
  • 5-10% changes in flows of streams and rivers
  • 25% decreases in extent of Arctic summer sea ice
  • 5-15% reduction in crop yields
  • 200-400% increases in the area burned by wildfire in some areas of the western United States
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Heat Wave

A

is a prolonged period of abnormally high temperatures, usually, but not always, in association with humid weather

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Heat Stress in Humans

A

significant proportion of humans live in mid-latitude locations where heat waves will increase

symptoms:

  • heat cramps
  • heat exhaustion
  • heat stroke
  • old people and young people have a harder time regulating their average internal temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Humidity

A

the presence of water vapour in the air. It is commonly expressed as relative humidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is perspiration not as effective a cooling method in humid environments

A

In humid conditions, the air cannot absorb as much moisture, so perspiration is not as effective a cooling mechanism as in dry environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Heat is gained by:

A

absorption of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Heat is lost by:

A

emission of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is temperature a measure of?

A

the average energy of motion of molecules in an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Temperature Scales

A
  • Fahrenheit
  • Celsius
  • Kelvin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Absolute zero

A

The temperature at which atomic and molecular motion in matter completely stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Daily Mean Temperature

A
  • 13°C
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Monthly Mean Temperature

A

-15°C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The most important influence on temperature variations on Earth:

A

Insolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Physical influences on Earth’s temperature patterns

A
  • insolation
  • latitude
  • altitude and elevation
  • cloud cover
  • land–water heating differences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Physical Influence of LATITUDE on Earth’s temperature patterns:

A
  • insolation is more intense between the tropics than at higher latitudes where the Sun is never directly overhead (at a 90° angle) during the year
  • Change of sun angle (declination) and day length throughout the year drive the seasonal effect of latitude on temperature
17
Q

Physical influence of ALTITUDE AND ELEVATION on Earth’s Temperature patterns:

A
  • density and temperature within the troposphere decreases with increasing altitude
  • as the atmosphere thins, it contains less sensible heat
    worldwide
  • Mountainous areas experience lower temperatures than do regions nearer sea level, even at same latitudes
18
Q

which way does heat flow?

A

heat flows from matter at a higher temperature to matter at a lower temperature

19
Q

Altitude

A

the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level

refers to airborne objects or heights above Earth’s surface.

20
Q

Elevation

A

usually refers to the height of a point on Earth’s surface above sea level

21
Q

Physical influence of CLOUD COVER on Earth’s Temperature patterns:

A
  • clouds affect the earth– atmosphere energy balance (by reflecting and absorbing radiation)
  • effects vary with (3) cloud type, height, and density
22
Q

At any given moment, approximately __% of the Earth is covered by clouds

A

50%

23
Q

What effect does cloud cover have on temperature at night?

A
  • Cloud cover during the night acts as an insulting layer that reradiates long-wave energy back to earth, preventing rapid energy loss to space.
  • Raises minimum night-time temperatures
  • A moderating effect
24
Q

What effect does cloud cover have on temperature during the day?

A

Cloud cover during the day reflects insolation, lowering daily maximum temperatures

25
Q

Clouds also reduce _______ ___________ __________ as a result of these moderating effects.

A

seasonal temperature differences

26
Q

Physical influence of LAND- WATER HEATING DIFFERENCES on Earth’s Temperature patterns:

A

(5)

  • Land and Water respond differently to insolation.
  • Land and Water absorb and store energy differently.
  • Water bodies tend to have more moderate temperature patterns
  • Continental interiors have more temperature extremes.
  • Land heats and cools faster than water
27
Q

Factors that lead to LAND-WATER HEATING DIFFERENCES include:

A

(4)

  1. Evaporation
  2. Transparency
  3. Specific Heat
  4. Ocean Currents & Sea Surface Temperature
28
Q

How is EVAPORATION a factor in LAND-WATER HEATING differences?

A
  • Evaporation dissipates significant amounts of the energy arriving at the ocean’s surface (much more than over land surfaces)
  • as water evaporates, it changes from liquid to vapour, absorbing heat energy in the process and storing it as latent heat
  • as surface water evaporates, it absorbs energy from the immediate environment, resulting in a lowering of temperatures
  • remember that the water and vapour remains the same temperature through-out the process; the vapour stores the absorbed energy as latent heat.
  • Land temperatures are affected less by evaporative cooling than are temperatures over water
29
Q

~ __% of all evaporation on Earth is from the oceans

A

84%

30
Q

How is TRANSPARENCY a factor in LAND-WATER HEATING differences?

A
  • Soil and water differ in their transmission of light:
  • Solid ground is opaque; water is transparent

[[ - Light striking a soil surface does not pass through, but is absorbed, heating the ground surface.

so. … energy is accumulated during times of sunlight exposure and is rapidly lost at night or when shaded
- Light striking a body of water penetrates the surface and passes through.
so. … the distribution of available heat energy occurs over a much greater depth and volume, forming a larger reservoir of energy storage ]]

31
Q

Describe what happens when light strikes a soil surface

A

Light striking a soil surface does not pass through, but is absorbed, heating the ground surface.

  • energy is accumulated during times of sunlight exposure and is rapidly lost at night/when shaded
32
Q

Describe what happens when light strikes a body of water

A
  • Light striking a body of water penetrates the surface and passes through.
  • the distribution of available heat energy occurs over a much greater depth and volume
  • forming a larger reservoir of energy storage
33
Q

How is SPECIFIC HEAT a factor in LAND-WATER HEATING differences?

A

(5)

  • energy needed to increase the temperature of water is greater than for an equal volume of land
  • water can hold more heat than can soil or rock
  • a given volume of water represents a more substantial energy reservoir than does the same volume of soil or rock
  • water consequently heats and cools more slowly
  • day-to-day temperatures near large water bodies tend to be moderated rather than having large extremes
34
Q

How is MOVEMENT a factor in LAND-WATER HEATING differences?

A
  • Land is solid and water is fluid
  • movement of currents results in a mixing of cooler and warmer waters
  • mixing distributes energy throughout the oceans and large lakes
  • Surface water and deeper waters mix, redistributing energy in a vertical direction as well
  • Ocean and land surfaces radiate long-wave radiation at night, but land loses its energy more rapidly
35
Q

How are OCEAN CURRENTS AND SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE factors in LAND-WATER HEATING differences?

A
  • Ocean currents affect land temperatures in different ways, depending on whether the currents are warm or cold
  • midlatitude and subtropical west coasts of continents
    cool ocean currents flowing toward the equator
  • they moderate air temperatures on land
  • Higher ocean temperatures produce higher evaporation rates, and more energy is dissipated from the ocean as latent heat.
36
Q

Marine (maritime) effect

A

refers to the moderating influences of the ocean and usually occurs in locations along coastlines or on islands

37
Q

Continental effect / Condition of continentality

A

refers to the greater range between maximum and minimum temperatures on both a daily and a yearly basis that occurs in areas that are inland from the ocean or distant from other large water bodies

38
Q

Average internal Temperature for humans

A

36.8°C

GEOG 1180 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions