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GEOG 1180 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Law of conservation of energy

A

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be converted to one form to another.

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2
Q

Solar Constant

A

Solar radiation at the top of the Thermosphere (measured in watts per square meter)

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3
Q

System

A

any set of interrelated components or objects which are connected together to form a working unit or unified whole.

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4
Q

Types of System

A

Open

Closed

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5
Q

Open System

A

A system with inputs and outputs that interacts with the surrounding environment

♣ May gain or lose energy

♣ The output is not the same as the input

input -> process -> output

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6
Q

Closed System

A

A system that is shut off from the surrounding environment, so that it is entirely self-contained in terms of energy and materials.

♣ no real difference in output/input

♣ no loss of anything.

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7
Q

Example of an open system

A

Photosynthesis

input: radiation from the sun, water, nutrients, co2
process: conversion of the energy and matter into stored chemical energy (plant sugars for example)
output: oxygen into our atmosphere

Another example:

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8
Q

Equilibrium

A

The system remains balanced over time

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9
Q

Metastable Equilibrium

A

Results from an abrupt change from one state to another

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10
Q

Steady-state Equilibrium

A

System values fluctuate around a steady average and maintains same operation level.

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11
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

System values fluctuate around a stable average, but exhibits a trend overall.The trend can change over time.

“Thresholds/tipping points”
SyStem jumps to anew stable average condition.

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12
Q

Name the spatial themes

A

there are 5 SPATIAL THEMES

  1. Region
  2. Location
  3. Place
  4. Movement
  5. Human-Earth interaction
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13
Q

Lithosphere

A

Earth’s crust and upper mantle

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14
Q

Atmosphere

A

thin gaseous veil surrounding the Earth

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15
Q

Hydrosphere

A

Water on Earth

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16
Q

Biosphere

A

Interconnected web that links organisms with their physical environment (flora, fauna, ecosystems)

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17
Q

Who developed the system of diving the earth by latitude and longitude?

A

Ptolemy

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18
Q

Latitude of the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle

A

66.5° - 90° N/S

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19
Q

International Date Line

A

180°

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20
Q

Prime Meridian

A

0° (Greenwich, England)

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21
Q

Threshold

A

a moment in which a system can no longer maintain its character, so it lurches to a new operational level, which may not be compatible with previous conditions.

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22
Q

Gravity

A
  • caused by movement in the Iron-Rich core
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23
Q

Great circle

A

Any circle drawn on the globe with its center coinciding with the center of the globe, bisecting the earth into two equal halves.

The equator is a great circle.

The arc of a great circle can be used to measure the shortest distance between any two points on the surface of the Earth.

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24
Q

One time zone spans how many degrees longitude?

A

15

25
Q

Map

A

A representation, usually on a plane surface, of a region or place on Earth.

26
Q

Scale

A

A proportion used in determining the dimensional relationship of a representation to that it represents

27
Q

Map Projection

A

reduction of spherical Earth to a flat surface

28
Q

2-D maps distort one or more

A
  • Distance
  • Direction
  • Area
  • Shape
  • Proximity
29
Q

Main Types of projections

A

4 MAIN TYPES

  • Cylindrical (Mercator)
  • Planar
  • Conic
  • Oval
30
Q

Remote Sensing

A

The technique of obtaining information from a distance.

Acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long distance methods.

31
Q

Active remote sensors

A

direct a beam of Energy at a surface and analyze the difference in Energy reflected back

32
Q

Passive remote sensors

A

record energy emitted from a surface (particularly infrared and visible light)

33
Q

Geostationary satellite

A
  • keep pace with the Earth’s orbit 35,400 -

- remaining centred over a single area of the Earth’s surface

34
Q

Orbiting satellite

A
  • orbit around the Earth at differing speeds and orbits
35
Q

Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

A

a computer system that gathers, stores, and analyzes geographic information, and displays it on demand.

36
Q

Importance of GIS

A

helps geographers to monitor and calculate whether relationships between objects on a map are significant or merely coincidental

37
Q

Geography

A

The study of interdependence and relationships among geographic areas, natural systems, processes, society and cultural activities over space.

38
Q

Five themes of geographic education are

A

Location

Place

Movement

Regions

Human-Earth Interactions

39
Q

Earth’s 4 spheres

A

Atmosphere

Lithosphere

Hydrosphere

Biosphere

40
Q

Geography (Leonard tang)

A

Geography is the study of how, where and why things are organized in space through time.

40
Q

Physical geography

A 
Landscape ecology 
Biogeography
Hydrology 
Geomorphology 
Meteorology
Climatology 
Glaciologist 
oceanography 
Soils
41
Q

Earth Systems Concepts

A

SYSTEMS THEORY

SYSTEM FEEDBACK

SHSTEM EQUILIBRIUM

42
Q

Example of a positive feedback loop

A

The Arctic sea ice albedo positive feedback loop.

43
Q

4 criteria of a system

A

A set of interconnected elements

Boundaries exist

No randomness

Operates within acceptable limits

44
Q

Types of scales

A

Written Scale
Representative Fraction
Graphic Scale

45
Q

Written scale example

A

1 centimetre equals 5 kilometres

46
Q

Representative fraction example

A

1:250,000 or 1/250,000 (no units)

47
Q

Altering scale affects:

A

Area covered

Detail shown

48
Q

Latitude

A

Angular distance north or south of the equator.
Parallel to the equator??

?????

49
Q

Longitude

A

Angular distance east or west of prime meridian

???

50
Q

Cylindrical Projection

A

Piece of paper, wrapped around earth, becomes a cylinder - Countries along the equator will be more accurate
- Distortion at the poles

51
Q

Cylindrical Projection

A

Piece of paper, wrapped around earth, becomes a cylinder - Countries along the equator will be more accurate
- Distortion at the poles (things appear bigger)
Standard line along the equator
Mercator projection..

52
Q

Standard Line

A

Where the point of contact is with the piece of paper in the projection.

53
Q

Planar Projection

A

Standard ‘point’ at a pole.

54
Q

Conic Projection

A

Standard line across the north america.

55
Q

Small Circle

A

??

56
Q

Solar wind

A

Clouds of electrically charged particles.

57
Q

Energy from the sun

A

Electromagnetic

Solar Wind

GEOG 1180 (12 decks)

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