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GEOG 1180 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Sources of Air Pollution (name 3)

A

Volcanoes
Wildfires
Dust storms

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2
Q

The atmosphere can be divided by…

A
  1. Composition
  2. Function
  3. Temperature
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3
Q

List the categories for COMPOSITION:

A

Heterosphere

Homosphere

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4
Q

List the categories for FUNCTION:

A

Ionosphere

Ozonosphere

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5
Q

List the categories for TEMPERATURE:

A
  • Troposphere
  • Stratosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Thermosphere
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6
Q

HEAT

A

the flow of kinetic energy between molecules from one body or substance to another resulting from a temperature difference between them

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7
Q

Types of heat Energy

A

(2 TYPES)

  • sensible heat
  • latent heat
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8
Q

Sensible heat

A

result of kinetic energy of molecular motion

i.e Temperature

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9
Q

Latent Heat

A

energy gained/ lost when a substance changes states

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10
Q

Name all methods of heat transfer (4)

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Conduction
  3. Convection
  4. Advection
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11
Q

Radiation

A

transfer of heat energy in electromagnetic waves

sun to Earth, fire, stove
- radiation from a hotter substance travels in shorter wavelengths

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12
Q

Conduction

A

molecule to molecule transfer of heat energy

  • diffuses through a substance
  • involves a certain amount of resistance, with energy lost as it travels through
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13
Q

Convection

A

the vertical transfer of heat energy by the mass of a substance via mixing or circulation of gases and liquids

  • as molecules circulate, they transfer heat
  • hot less dense matter rises, cooler denser matter sinks
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14
Q

Advection

A

the horizontal transfer of heat energy via mixing or circulation of gases and liquids

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15
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy of motion, produced by vibration energy of molecules.

  • intensity of that movement is measured as temperature
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16
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored energy (either due to composition or position)

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17
Q

Photochemical Smog

A

Result of the interaction of sunlight and the combustion products in automobile exhaust

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18
Q

Name 3 chemical reactions NO2 (nitrogen oxide) is involved in in our atmosphere

A
  1. interaction w/ oxygen to form O3 (ozone)
  2. Bonds w/ water vapour to form nitric acid (HNO3) (ACID RAIN)
  3. Interacts w/ VOCs to produce perxyacetyl nitrates of PANs, pollutants that damage crops and forests
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19
Q

ACID RAIN

A

?

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20
Q

PARTICULATE MATTER

A

diverse mixture of fine particles, both solid and liquid, that pollute the air and affect human health.

examples: haze, smoke, dust, sulfate aerosol

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21
Q

Black carbon / Soot

A

an aerosol having devastation health effects in developing countries

  • absorbs heat in the atmosphere and changes the reflectivity of surfaces such as snow and ice
22
Q

Haze

A

concentration of microscopic particles and air pollution that diminishes clarity

23
Q

Air

A

simple mixture of gases that is naturally odorless, colorless, tasteless, formless, blended so thoroughly that it behaves as if it were a single gas.

24
Q

Exosphere

A

rarefied outer atmospheric halo beyond the Thermopause at an altitude of 480km - 32,000km

  • consists of scarce lightweight hydrogen and helium atoms
  • less dense than our atmosphere, almost a vaccuum
25
Q

Diffuse Radiation

A

Insolation reaching Earth’s surface after scattering

26
Q

Global Net Radiation

A

Input from sun - Output by Earth = Global Net Radiation

varies across the globe: In the Sahara desert the net radiation is negative because there are no clouds

27
Q

Temperature Inversion

A

Occurs when the normal temperature, which usually decreases with altitude (normal lapse rate), reverse trend and begins to increase at some point.

  • Cold dense air has warmer less dense air overlying it
  • Stops mixing and the air in the lower portion is trapped (inversion layer) and does not clear out
28
Q

Extent of the Atmosphere

A

480km

29
Q

Homosphere

A

Sea level - 80km

  • gases are uniformly mixed
  • With the exception of: ozone layers and air pollution
  • composed primarily of: nitrogen and oxygen, (water vapour, co2 etc)
30
Q

Heterosphere

A

80km - 480km

gases are not evenly mixed

31
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

Natural by-product of life, a variable gas that is increasing rapidly

  • absorbs radiation, warming the earth
  • too little causes global cooling
32
Q

Thermosphere

A
  • 80 - 480 km
  • Height depends on solar activity
  • less solar activity = lower
  • more solar activity = higher
  • 1200 °C + temperatures, but not hot
33
Q

Mesosphere

A
  • 50 - 80 km
  • Coldest part of the atmosphere at - 90°C
  • Ice crystals form (cosmic + meteoric dust provide nuclei)
  • Temperatures increase with altitude
  • Low pressure
34
Q

Stratosphere

A
  • 18 - 50 km
  • Contains the OZONE LAYER
  • Temperatures increase with altitude
35
Q

Troposphere

A
  • sea level - 18 km
  • Thickness controlled by surface temperatures (19 km at equator, 8km at poles)
  • temperatures decrease with altitude (normal lapse rate which is 6.4 °C)
  • Mixing of air of troposphere and stratosphere is prevented because troposphere is cooler, denser than stratosphere which is warmer, less dense
36
Q

IONOSPHERE

A
  • ~ 80-400
  • part of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation
  • radio propogation
  • Electrically charged layer
  • absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays, Xrays and Short Wave radiation (UV)

(- shortwave radiation reacts with oxygen and nitrogen

  • results in in loss of electron which creates positive charged ion
  • Electrons travel as electric currents)
37
Q

How many regions is the IONOSPHERE composed of?

A

4 regions

  • D, E, F and F2
  • AM radio
  • F and E visible at night
38
Q

OZONOSPHERE

A
  • located in the stratosphere
  • ozone layer
  • responsible for the absorption of UV rays
  • three oxygen molecules
  • UVB and UVA are absorbed and reradiated as infared rays
39
Q

Ozone depletion

A

Occurs when CFC’s and sunlight react and break down O3, causing a hole in the ozone layer and an increase in UVA and UVB radiation

40
Q

Natural Sources of pollution produce what kind of pollutants?

A
  • Nitrogen Oxide
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Carbon Dioxide
41
Q

Natural Pollution from VOLCANOS

A
  • ash, sulfur dioxide
  • obscure the atmosphere
  • reduction of insolation
  • global cooling
  • sometimes increasing glacial activity, increasing albedo (positive feedback)
42
Q

Natural Pollution from WILDFIRES

A
  • particulate matter (dust, soot, ash)
  • nitrogen oxide
  • carbon monoxide
  • volatile organic compounds (VOC’s)
43
Q

Main constituents of air

A

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
CO2

44
Q

Air pressure

A

Air molecules create air pressure (through their motion, size and number,) exerting forces on all surfaces they come in contact with

  • measured in force per unit area
45
Q

“-pause”

A

Where one layer of the atmosphere ends and another begins. Generally defined by temperature change.

46
Q

Aerosol

A

suspensions of solid or liquid particles in a gas

47
Q

Why is ground-level ozone bad?

A

While tropospheric ozone still shields us from UV radiation, it has adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.

48
Q

Natural factors that affect pollution?

A

Wind, Local and Regional Landscape/Features, Temperature Inversion

49
Q

Why are CFC’s bad for the ozone layer?

A

Chlorofluorocarbons react with UV light to release chlorine which then destroys ozone molecules.

50
Q

Insolation

A
  • Exposure to the sun’s rays

- Intercepted solar radiation

GEOG 1180 (12 decks)

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