chapter 7

Question 1

what is plasma

Answer 1

• 91% water

- 9% dissolved substances

Question 2

what are platelets?

Answer 2

• small cell fragments with no nucleus
• formed in red bone marrow
• last for 7 days
• important for blood clotting

Question 3

what are red blood cells?

Answer 3

• no nucleus-more room for haemoglobin
• last for 120 days
• produced in bone marrow
• destroyed in liver and spleen

Question 4

what are white blood cells?

Answer 4

-2 types:
+granulocytes=granular cytoplasm with lobed nucleus
+monocytes=spherical nucleus and a-granular cytoplasm
-remove dead cells
-live for minutes during infection/years without infection

Question 5

which side of the heart goes to the lungs and which side goes to the rest of the body?

Answer 5

-the right side (actually the left if looking at it on paper) goes to the lungs where it is oxygenated and then comes in on the left side (right if on paper) where it goes to the rest of the body to give out oxygen to cells

Question 6

the difference between diastole and systole?

Answer 6

diastole=filling phase when the heart is relaxed

systole=pumping phase when heart contracts

Question 7

for blood groups, where are the antigens and antibodies located?

Answer 7

antigens on red blood cells

antibodies in plasma

Question 8

antigens and antibodies for blood groups A, B, AB, O

Answer 8

A-antigen A, anti-B
B-antigen B, anti-A
AB-antigen AB, anti neither
O-antigen neither, anti-A&B

Question 9

What are the two different ways oxygen is carried during transport, give the percentages

Answer 9

97%- carried in combination with haemoglobin molecules

3%-carried in plasma

Question 10

what’s the equation for the formation of oxyhemoglobin and when does it form

Answer 10

Hb + O2 >HbO2

(haemoglobin + oxygen >/

Question 11

3 ways red blood cells are suited to the function of oxygen trasnport

Answer 11

• contains haemoglobin>combines with oxygen
• no nucleus>more room for haemoglobin
• shaped as biconcave discs>increases surface area

Question 12

what are the 3 ways carbon dioxide in transported in the blood, give their percentage.

Answer 12

7-8% carried in plasma as solution
22% combines with globin to form carbaminohaemoglobin
70% carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions

Question 13

what is the equation for the transportation of carbon dioxide?

Answer 13

CO2 + H2O >////

Question 14

lymphatic system:

• what does it consist of?
• the main functons?

Answer 14

consists of:

• network of capillaries joined to lymph vessel
• lymph nodes, located along vessels

function:

• to collect fluid that escapes from blood capillaries & return it to the circulatory system
• internal defence against disease causing organisms

Question 15

whats the role of the lymph vessel and lymph node

Answer 15

vessel:
-collects fluid from lymph capillaries
-vessels join up & return lymph to blood
node:
-protection against infection
-oval structure on vessel

Question 16

what is the purpose of blood clotting?

how does it work?

Answer 16

• to minimise blood loss & prevent entry of infecting micro-organisms
• muscles constrict to reduce blood flow>platelets stick to rough surface of damaged artery>attracts more platelets>platelets release substances that act as vasoconstrictors to enhance and prolong the constriction

Question 17

where do arteries, veins and capillaries carry blood

Answer 17

arteries=away from heart
capillaries=carry blood between cells
veins=to heart

Question 18

difference between arteries and veins

Answer 18

arteries= veins=

• away from heart -to heart
• no valves -have valves
• thick walls -thin walls
• high pressure -low pressure

Question 19

what elements make up the blood?

Answer 19

plasma, platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells