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Nutrition 2 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

vitamins

A

essential non-caloric organic nutrients

needed in very small amounts and helps in cell function

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2
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A 
A, D, E, K 
dissolve in liquid 
require bile for absorption
transported in lymph
stored in tissues ex)liver
may be toxic in excess, caution with supplements
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3
Q

Vit A chemical forms:

A

retinal, retinoic acid.. B-catotene (can be converted into vit A but need 6x the amount

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4
Q

Vit A functions

A
  1. gene expression
  2. vision
  3. epithelial tissue
  4. immune defenses
  5. growth of bone
  6. reproduction
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5
Q

Vit A food sources

A

beef, liver, oil, milk, dark orange and green veggies

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6
Q

Beta Coratene

A 
vit A precursor 
plant sources: brightly coloured
may reduce risk of chronic diseases 
eye diseases 
cancer
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7
Q

Vit A deficiency

A

prevalent in developing countries
symptoms: blindness, night blindness, xerosis
impaired bone growth, easily decayed teeth
immune function
keratin lumps on skin

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8
Q

Vit A toxicity

A

stunted growth, muscle/bone soreness, headaches, edema, fatigue, blurred vision, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, skin disorders, liver damage, enlargement of spleen

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9
Q

beta corotene toxicity

A

yellowing of skin

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10
Q

other forms of vit A

A

retinoic acid as a drug, directly applied to the skin results in rapid turnover in skin cells
retin-A: acne, renova: anti wrinkle
higly toxic: serious birth defects if taken during pregnancy
supplementing vit A doesn’t help acne

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11
Q

Vit D chemical name

A

cholecalciferol

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12
Q

Vit D functions

A

regulation of blood calcium and phosphorous levels, important for bone formation and maintenance
working systems of the brain, heart, stomach, pancreas, skin, and reproductive organs
immune system
functions as a hormone

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13
Q

Vit D food sources

A

fortified milk, and margarine, eggs, butter, fish

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14
Q

sunlight and vit D

A

UV radiation converts precursor molecule (cholesterol backbone) in skin

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15
Q

duration of sunlight specific to race

A

facial area for 15min 3-6x/week / 3hr for dark-skinned

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16
Q

manitoba latitude

A

april to october; use liver stores in winter

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17
Q

vit D deficiency

A

riskets and osteomalacia (bone disease in children and adults
may increase risk of blood pressure, some cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease
risk of deficiency increases with age
lower intake, housebound= lower ability to activate vit D

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18
Q

Vit D toxicity

A

vitamin with most risk of toxicity
symptoms: appetite loss, nausea, increased thirst and urination
long term toxicity: calcium deposits in the heart, blood vessels, lungs and kidneys

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19
Q

Vit E chemical name

A 
tocopherol 
alpha (gold standard) beta, delta, gamma
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20
Q

Vit E function

A

acts as antioxidant in cells membranes

integrity of cells (lung, RBC, WBC) exposed to high oxygen concentrations

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21
Q

Vit E food sources

A

widespread in foods

veggie oils, fruit and veg, fortified cereals and grain, meats & alts, milk products

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22
Q

Vit E deficiency

A 
deficiency is rare (wdespread in food and body stores + cells recycle Vit E) 
Erthrocyte hemolysis (premature infants)
weakness, impaired reflexes (muscle and nerve function) -oxidative damage caused by fat absorption and storage problems
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23
Q

Vit E toxicity

A

toxicity is rare
nausea, fatigue, GI distress, blurred vision
increased risk bleeding when combined with anticoagulant meds

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24
Q

Vit K functions

A

blood clotting and bone protein synthesis

anticoagulant mads interfere with vit K and blood clotting

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25
Q

vitamin K sources

A

bacterial production in colon
affected by absorption problems/illness
antibiotics decrease production
green leafy veggies, cabbage family, liver, eggs, milk, beans/legumes

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26
Q

Vit K deficiency

A

deficiency rare:
newborns (need supplement at birth- sterile GI tract)
taking meds that kill intestinal bacteria (good and bad)
problems with fat absorption
symptoms: easy bruising, hemorrhaging

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27
Q

Vit K toxicity

A

rare
(infants, pregnant): taking vit k supplement
symptoms: jaundice- RBC =’s break and release pigment (biliruben)

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28
Q

water soluble vitamins

A 
vitamin C, B vitamins 
dissolve in water 
are easily absorbed and excreted
are not stored extensively in tissues 
seldom reach toxic levels
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29
Q

Vit C (ascorbic acid) functions

A 
maintenance of collagen/connective tissue (bones, teeth, skin, tendons) 
antioxidant protection
supports immune function 
promotes iron absorption
restores vit E to active form
30
Q

Vit C food sources

A

fruits and veggies

31
Q

Vit C deficiency

A

scurvy
symptoms: loss of appetite, growth cessation, weakness, frequent infections, bleeding gums, loose teeth, tiny red spots om skin, swelling in wrists and ankles

32
Q

Vit C toxicity

A

low risk
problems if more than 2g/day can interfere with anticoagulation meds
hemochromatosis-should avoid Vit C supplements

33
Q

the B vitamins

A 
acts as coenzymes 
involved in energy metabolism 
thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
biotin
pathothenic acid
vit B6 
folate
vit B12
34
Q

thiamin functions

A

energy metabolism

nerve processes and muscles

35
Q

thiamin food sources

A

widespread- pork, legumes, whole-grains

diet focused on nutrient dense foods

36
Q

thiamin deficiency

A

beriberi; wet (edema) or dry ( no edema)

symptoms: loss of sensation in hands and feet, depression, muscle confusion, disorietation

37
Q

thiamin symptoms

A

none reported

38
Q

riboflavin functions

A

energy metabolism in all cells

supports vision and skin health

39
Q

riboflavin food sources

A

widespread- enriched grain products, milk products, vegetables, meats and eggs

40
Q

riboflavin deficiency

A

ariboflavinosis
effects skin, eyes, mouth, tongue
cracks in sides of mouth, smooth magenta coloured tongue, sore throat, skin rash, may exsist with other B vitamin

41
Q

riboflavin toxicity

A

none reported

42
Q

niacin functions

A

energy metabolism in all cells

tryptophan can be converted into niacin in the body

43
Q

niacin food sources

A

enriched and whole grains, cereals and baked products, legumes, leafy greens, mushrooms meat, fish , eggs, milk products

44
Q

niacin deficiency

A

pellagra
4 D’s: dematitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
seen in europe 1700s when corn became staple

45
Q

niacin toxicity

A

flushing of skin, red skin rash, tingling sensation in hands/feet, stomach pain, nausea
body adapts to high doses, but monitor for liver damage

46
Q

niacin as a drug

A

niacin may be used as part of treatment to lower blood cholesterol levels
self dosing not advised- liver damage, peptic ulcers, vision loss as result of large doses

47
Q

folate (folic acid) functions

A

new cell synthesis
growth, early embryonic and tissue turnover
should have when pregnant

48
Q

folate food sources

A

leafy green veggies, asparagus, fruit, legumes, seeds, liver
cooking fruits and veggies destroys folate
milk may enhance absorption
folate fortification of flour

49
Q

folate deficiency

A 
affects rapidly dividing cells 
macrocytic anemia (assoc with vit B12)
nerve function and neural tube defects 
1/1000 births, 2nd most common birth defect
50
Q

deficiency symptoms folate

A

smooth red tongue, depression, mental confusion, fatigue, headaches

51
Q

at risk for folate deficiency

A

pregnant women
elderly (many meds interact with folate)
alcoholics (folate absorption)
smokers (folate inactivation in lungs)

52
Q

low folate status may contribute to

A

hyperhomocyteinemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
increased risk cancer (colon, cervical in women)

53
Q

Vit B12 functions

A

myelin sheath in nerve fibers (nerve transmission)

coenzyme in energy & amino acid metabolism

54
Q

food sources of vit B12

A

animal origin, fermented products, fungi algae, fortified soymilk

55
Q

folate and vit B12

A

folate and B12 depend on one another for activation

both cause identical anemia with deficiency

56
Q

vit B12 deficiency

A 
pernicous anemia (macrocytic) neuromuscular dysfunction 
folate supplementation masks B12 deficiency 
improves anemia but progressive malfunctioning of nerves and muscles
57
Q

Vit B12

A

need intrinsic factor for b12 absorption
B12 binds intrinsic factor in stomach & facilitates absorption
if not intrinsic factor, injections of B12 or supplement

58
Q

risk of deficiency vit B12

A

breastfeed infants of vegan mothers (adults have body stores for 6 years)

59
Q

vit B6 functions

A

amino acid & protein metabolism
fatty acid metabolism
synthesis of hemoglobin and neurotransmitters
synthesis of niacin from tryptophan
immune function and steroid hormone activity
critical for fetal dev- brain and nervous system

60
Q

Vit B6 food sources

A

leafy green veggies, meat, fish, poultry, legumes, fruits, and whole grains

61
Q

vit B6 symptoms

A

weakness, irritability, convulsions, mirocytic anemia, greasy dermatitis

62
Q

vit B6 toxicity from supplements

A

numbness due to nerve damage, reversed when quit supplements
supplement use: some take for carpal tunnel syndrome/sleep disorders

63
Q

biotin function

A

cofactor in: energy metabolism

64
Q

biotin deficiency

A

feeding raw egg white protein to rats resulted in hair loss, dermatitis and neuromuscular dysfunction
avidin binds biotin
rare in humans

65
Q

pathothenic acid functions

A

energy metabolism

66
Q

B vits and heart disease

A

homocystenine
inherited high levels correlate with severe early of cardiovascular disease
elevated homocysteine may be an indicator of CVD risk

67
Q

B vits and heart disease part two

A

deficiencies of folate, vit B12 or B6 cause excess homocysteine to build up in the blood
supplements of these vits lead to a significant drop in homocysteine level

68
Q

who benefits from supplements

A

those who fail to obtain recommended amounts of vits and minerals from the diet
those with special needs- pregnant or elderly

69
Q

regulation of supplements

A 
natural health products 
vitamins and minerals 
herbal remedies
homepathic meds
Chinese traditional symptoms
70
Q

approved products must have

A

natural product number

or drug identification number- homepthic meds

Nutrition 2 (7 decks)

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