Chapter 7 Flashcards
Intrusive, irrational and unwanted thoughts are called
a) irrational beliefs.
b) generalized anxiety.
c) obsessions.
d) compulsions.
c) obsessions.
. People who compulsively check their appearance and spend countless hours staring at themselves in the mirror will likely be diagnosed as having
a) obsessive-compulsive disorder
b) body dysmorphic disorder
c) generalized anxiety disorder
d) specific phobia
b) body dysmorphic disorder
. How is body dysmorphic disorder similar to OCD?
a) both engage in compulsive behaviors
b) both have obsessive preoccupations
c) both spend inordinate amounts of time on their obsessions
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
The compulsive need to acquire objects and the inability to discard any objects is known as
a) hoarding disorder.
b) collecting disorder.
c) refuse disorder.
d) none of the above
a) hoarding disorder.
All of the following brain regions are involved in OCD EXCEPT:
a) orbitofrontal cortex
b) caudate nucleus
c) anterior cingulate
d) cerebellum
d) cerebellum
. Behavioral models consider compulsions to be
a) classically conditioned responses.
b) operantly conditioned responses.
c) a result of suppressed obsessions.
d) related to deficient locus coeruleus activity
b) operantly conditioned responses.
. __________ is defined as the subjective feeling of knowing and is thought to be deficient in __________.
a) Assuredness; Panic Disorder.
b) Assuredness; OCD.
c) Yedasentience; Panic Disorder
d) Yedasentience; OCD.
d) Yedasentience; OCD.
. All three OCD related disorders respond well to
a) serotonin reuptake inhibitors
b) dopamine
c) GABA
d) norepinephrine
a) serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Confronting one’s worst fears, such as contamination by dirty objects, is used during
a) exposure with response prevention therapy.
b) psychoanalysis.
c) classical conditioning.
d) cognitive behavioral therapy
a) exposure with response prevention therapy.
Symptoms of PTSD are grouped into which of the following major categories?
a) re-experiencing of traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with event and anxiety
b) hyper vigilance, avoidance of stimuli associated with event and exaggerated startle response
c) avoidance of stimuli associated with event, symptoms of increased arousal and symptoms of suicidality
d) re-experiencing of traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with event and symptoms of increased arousal
d) re-experiencing of traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with event and symptoms of increased arousal
. Irritable or aggressive behavior, reckless or self-destructive behavior, difficulty falling or staying asleep, and hyper vigilance are all symptoms associated with the DSM-5’s ___________ category of PTSD.
a) intrusively re-experiencing the traumatic event
b) avoidance of stimuli associated with the event
c) mood and cognitive changes following the trauma
d) symptoms of increased arousal and reactivity
d) symptoms of increased arousal and reactivity
When the person deliberately remembers the event in therapy it is called
a) treatment exposure.
b) imaginal exposure.
c) cruel treatment.
d) reactivation treatment.
b) imaginal exposure.
Which of the following would NOT be considered a trauma?
Watching news coverage of a terrorist attack
Witnessing the suicide of a loved one
Learning that one’s best friend was killed in a car accident
Experiencing an earthquake
Watching news coverage of a terrorist attack
Which of the following is a symptom of intrusion?
Avoidance of the place in which the trauma occurred
Persistent negative emotional state
Irritable or aggressive behavior
Recurrent nightmares about the trauma
Recurrent nightmares about the trauma
Which of the following is an example of a negative change in mood or cognition?
Avoidance of physical sensations associated with the trauma
Exaggerated startle response
Feelings of detachment from others
Flashbacks
Feelings of detachment from others
Which of the following is an example of a change in arousal or reactivity?
Reckless or self-destructive behavior
Inability to experience positive emotions
Reluctance to talk about the trauma
Excessive blame to self or others
Reckless or self-destructive behavior
Individuals who develop PTSD are very likely to have had \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the past. Major depressive disorder Substance abuse disorder Conduct disorder Anxiety disorder
Anxiety disorder
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The lifetime prevalence of PTSD is approximately 22.5%.
The greater prevalence of PTSD among women is probably due, in part, to the fact that women are more likely to have experienced sexual abuse or rape.
Minority group members are more likely to experience PTSD than majority group members
Symptoms of PTSD usually begin within three months of the trauma
The lifetime prevalence of PTSD is approximately 22.5%.
Which of the following traumatic events is most likely to cause PTSD? A hurricane A tornado An earthquake A shopping mall shooting
A shopping mall shooting
Which of the following statements about memory in PTSD is TRUE?
Studies suggest that hypothalamus is smaller in individuals with PTSD
Individuals with PTSD show excellent verbal memory for details of their trauma
Individuals with PTSD show reduced ability to access memories based on sensory cues
Individuals with PTSD have difficulty describing their memories in an organized way
Individuals with PTSD have difficulty describing their memories in an organized way
Which of the following is predictive of a good outcome among individuals with PTSD? Dissociation High intelligence Memory suppression High agreeableness
High intelligence
Which of the following statements about treatment for PTSD is TRUE?
The type of medicine that has received the strongest support in terms of effectiveness is the benzodiazepines.
The most effective psychological treatment involves helping the patient to understand how his/her response to the trauma is related to unconscious conflicts dating from childhood.
Imaginal exposure is more effective than in vivo exposure
The patient’s symptoms may get worse during the initial stages of therapy.
The patient’s symptoms may get worse during the initial stages of therapy.
Which of the following statements about the treatment of PTSD is TRUE?
Exposure-based psychotherapy is more effective than medications.
Research has strongly supported the benefit of adding cognitive techniques to exposure-based therapy.
The eye movement component of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing therapy adds benefit above and beyond the exposure component.
Individuals who participate in Critical Incident Stress Debriefing do better than those who do not participate.
Exposure-based psychotherapy is more effective than medications.
Which of these is an obsession? Washing one’s hands repeatedly Repeatedly checking to make sure the doors are locked Recurrent visual images of a plane crash Repeatedly saying a prayer
Recurrent visual images of a plane crash
Which of these is a compulsion?
Feeling a need to organize your canned goods alphabetically
Repeatedly checking to make sure that the oven is off
Feeling an overpowering urge to arrange the items on your desk so that they are symmetrical
Being preoccupied with the thought that there might be germs or dirt on your hands
Repeatedly checking to make sure that the oven is off
What is the prevalence of OCD? 0.2% 2% 10% 12%
2%
Which doesn't occur with OCD Substance Abuse Schizophrenia Anxiety Depression
Schizophrenia
Which of the following brain areas is involved in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? Occipital lobe Caudate nucleus Hypothalamus Hippocampus
Caudate nucleus
Amber experiences intrusive thoughts that she has failed to turn off her flat iron. She has disturbing visual images of her apartment catching fire. When she checks to confirm that the flat iron is off, she feels much better. Amber’s compulsive checking behavior results in \_\_\_\_\_. Positive punishment Negative punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Gary just had a vicious argument with his girlfriend. For a fleeting moment, Gary thought, “I could kill her.” Immediately after having this thought, Gary felt as anxious and guilty as if he had actually killed his girlfriend. Gary is demonstrating \_\_\_\_\_\_. Obsession-compulsion fusion Anxiety-guilt fusion Thought-affect fusion Thought-action fusion
Thought-action fusion
Tom experiences thoughts of molesting his neighbor’s daughter. Tom finds these thoughts to be abhorrent and offensive, and he wishes they would go away. Tom’s therapist told him to put a rubber band on his wrist. Each time he has a thought about molesting his neighbor’s daughter, he should say “stop” and snap the rubber band. Tom’s thoughts will _____.
Increase in frequency
Decrease in frequency
Increase in frequency
Which is a more effective treatment for OCD?
Medication
Exposure with response prevention
Exposure with response prevention
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia? Alogia Avolition Hallucinations All of the above
Hallucinations
Stan believes that the sprinkler system contains hidden cameras that are monitoring his behavior. This belief is a delusion of \_\_\_\_\_. Grandeur Persecution Reference Being controlled
Persecution
Amy believes that God sends her messages through the TV. The fast food commercials are a sign from God about what she should eat each day. Amy’s belief is a \_\_\_\_\_\_. Hallucination Delusion of grandeur Negative symptom Delusion of reference
Delusion of reference
What is the prevalence of schizophrenia? 0.1% 1% 5-7% 10-12%
1%
What percentage of people who have been hospitalized for one episode of schizophrenia will be hospitalized again at some point in their lives? 1-5% 10-20% 30-40% 50-80%
50-80%
About a week before final exams, Kevin started telling his friends that the CIA had implanted a tracking device in his skull. Kevin’s friends were relieved when, about two weeks later, his strange symptoms seemed to go away. Kevin probably has \_\_\_\_\_. Brief psychotic disorder Schizophreniform disorder Schizophrenia Schizoaffective disorder
Brief psychotic disorder
Your identical twin has schizophrenia. What is the likelihood that you will develop the disorder? 84% 64% 44% 24%
44%
You have one biological parent with schizophrenia. Is it more likely that you WILL or WILL NOT develop schizophrenia?
Will
Will not
Will not
Which of the following statements about brain abnormalities found among individuals with schizophrenia is FALSE?
1) Individuals with schizophrenia tend to have enlarged ventricles.
2) Enlarged ventricles are associated with more severe symptoms.
3) Individuals with enlarged ventricles show a more positive response to medication.
4) Some studies show that enlarged ventricles are more common among men.
Individuals with enlarged ventricles show a more positive response to medication.
Among individuals with schizophrenia, the prefrontal cortex \_\_\_\_\_. Is larger and shows more activity Is smaller and shows less activity Is larger and show less activity Is smaller and shows more activity
Is smaller and shows less activity
Which of the following have been implicated as causal factors in schizophrenia?
Perinatal hypoxia
Gestational diabetes
Viral infection during the mother’s pregnancy
Both A and C
Both B and C
Both A and C
The most recent research suggests that the symptoms of schizophrenia are due to _____.
Too much dopamine
Too little dopamine
Excess dopamine activity in some parts of the brain, but unusually low dopamine activity in others
None of the above
Excess dopamine activity in some parts of the brain, but unusually low dopamine activity in others
Does research support the interpretation that the chronic stress of inner city neighborhoods and low status jobs causes schizophrenia?
Yes
No
No
What is the term for the style of family interaction that is characterized hostility and criticism toward the individual with schizophrenia? High aggravated affect High inflated emotion High expressed irritation High expressed emotion
High expressed emotion
The first medications developed to treat schizophrenia are known as the phenothiazenes. The primary action of these medications is to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Block the action of acetylcholine Facilitate the action of acetylcholine Block the action of dopamine Facilitate the action of dopamine
Block the action of dopamine
Which of the following statements about first-generation antipsychotic medication is TRUE?
1) Approximately 65% of individuals are not helped by these medications
2) These medications are more effective for negative symptoms than positive symptoms
3) Individuals with schizophrenia only need to take the medications while they are actively psychotic; they may discontinue the medications after the psychotic episode subsides
4) Many individuals on these medications still cannot holds jobs or develop social relationships
4) Many individuals on these medications still cannot holds jobs or develop social relationships
What is the name for the feeling of agitation, or motor restlessness, that is a side effect of antipsychotic medication? Dyskinesia Akathesia Avolition Catatonia
Akathesia
What is the name for the involuntary movements of tongue, mouth, face, or jaw that is associated with long-term use of first generation antipsychotic medications? Extrapyramidal symptoms Akathesia Tardive dyskinesia Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Tardive dyskinesia
Which of the following statements about second-generation antipsychotics is TRUE?
They do not cause unpleasant side-effects.
They help the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
They are more effective than first-generation antipsychotics.
All of the above
They help the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Your sister has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She will have the lowest likelihood of relapse if __________.
She takes antipsychotic medication only
Your family participates in family therapy only
She takes antipsychotic medication and your family participates in family therapy
She takes antipsychotic medication and your family participates in family therapy
Which of the following psychological therapies for schizophrenia attempts to improve attention, memory, and problem-solving? Cognitive behavior therapy Family therapy Cognitive enhancement training Case management
Cognitive enhancement training
People diagnosed with PTSD consistently demonstrated deficits on neuropsychological tests of verbal memory even while performing adequately on tests of
sensory memory.
cortisol memory.
auditory memory.
visual memory
visual memory
A disorder that involves repetitive thoughts and behaviors that are so extreme as to interfere with everyday life is called:
post traumatic stress disorder.
generalized anxiety disorder.
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
social phobic disorder.
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
The DSM-5 divides symptoms for PTSD into __________ categories.
4
8
2
6
4
Efforts to inhibit obsessive thoughts
are easier if a significant other is involved to encourage and reinforce the suppression of obsessive thoughts.
may be a helpful strategy for obsessive-compulsives to use.
result in other problems, such as stress-induced illnesses.
may increase obsessional thinking and negative mood.
may increase obsessional thinking and negative mood.
One way in which the DSM-5 differs from the DSM-IV-TR is that the DSM-5
makes OCD and trauma-related disorders part of the anxiety disorders category.
makes OCD and trauma-related disorders their own category.
eliminates OCD and trauma-related disorders.
none of the above.
makes OCD and trauma-related disorders their own category.
Feeling removed from one’s body or one’s emotions, or being unable to remember an event, is predictive of
PTSD.
OCD.
GAD.
all of the above.
PTSD.
OCD tends to be
more common in men than in women.
most common in older men.
more common in women than in men.
as common in men as it is in women.
more common in women than in men.
Which of the following is NOT one of the DSM-5 categories for PTSD?
intrusively re-experiencing the traumatic event
avoidance of stimuli associated with the event
mood and cognitive changes following the trauma
forgetfulness and disorientation following the trauma
forgetfulness and disorientation following the trauma
Which of the following treatments has been shown to be more effective than either medication or supportive psychotherapy in treating posttraumatic stress disorder?
group psychotherapy with other trauma victims
exposure that focuses on trauma-related events
EMDR
progressive muscle relaxation
exposure that focuses on trauma-related events
Symptoms and outcomes of body dysmorphic disorder may be common across cultures, but __________ tends to differ.
frequency of checking behaviors
there are no differences across cultures
focus on specific body parts
number of body parts
focus on specific body parts
The most widely used psychological treatment for OCD-related disorders is
psychoanalysis.
operant conditioning.
exposure and response prevention.
interpersonal psychotherapy
exposure and response prevention.
Taken as a whole, the criteria for Acute Stress Disorder and the criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder are __________ in the DSM-5 than in the DSM-IV-TR.
particularly different in terms of severity of symptoms
more similar
more distinct
unchanged
more similar
__________ is the primary treatment for PTSD.
affective rehearsal treatment
exposure treatment
flooding
classical conditioning
exposure treatment
In more religious cultures, obsessions involved in OCD are
considered blasphemous.
less prevalent than in less religious cultures.
more likely to involve religious themes.
more likely to involve themes of identity
more likely to involve religious themes.
__________ involves immediate treatment of trauma victims within 72 hours of the traumatic event.
Emergency therapy
Critical incident stress debriefing
Victim distancing therapy
All of the above
Critical incident stress debriefing
Which of the following symptoms is not part of the diagnosis of Hoarding Disorder?
Difficulty discarding items regardless of their value.
Distress when thinking about discarding useless items.
Compromise in the usefulness of living spaces due to the accumulation of possessions.
Perceived flaw or flaws in the appearance of the home or workplace.
Perceived flaw or flaws in the appearance of the home or workplace.
According to the cognitive behavioral model, hoarding is related to all of the following EXCEPT:
poor planning skills.
poor organizational abilities.
avoidance behaviors.
unusual beliefs about possessions.
poor planning skills.
In PTSD, criteria for negative alterations in mood or cognition include all of these except:
Social withdrawal in women
More frequent negative mood in children
Inability to recall specific aspects of the trauma
Blaming others
Social withdrawal in women
__________ therapy is designed to help victims of rape and childhood sexual abuse to dispute tendencies towards self-blame.
Exposure
Imaginal exposure
Cognitive processing
None of the above
Cognitive processing
If hoarding symptoms develop as part of schizophrenia, hoarding disorder ________
should not be diagnosed unless the individual is particularly unaware of the problem.
should not be diagnosed.
must be listed as a co-morbid diagnosis.
probably will be considered instead.
should not be diagnosed.
Which of the following disorders is NOT part of the DSM-5’s OC-related and trauma-related disorders chapter?
obsessive-compulsive disorder
hoarding disorder
body dysmorphic disorder
panic disorder
panic disorder
Confronting one’s worst fears, such as contamination by dirty objects, is used during
Selected Answer: Correct exposure response prevention therapy. Answers: psychoanalysis. classical conditioning. Correct exposure response prevention therapy. interpersonal therapy.
exposure response prevention therapy.
The subjective feeling of knowing is called
ESP.
destiny.
yedasentience.
clairvoyance.
yedasentience.
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
is supported by strong theoretical explanations.
has been empirically proven to work better than exposure or cognitive therapy.
is very controversial.
is the best treatment available for PTSD.
is very controversial.
The most common foci for obsessions include all of the following EXCEPT
sexual or aggressive impulses
travel.
symmetry or order.
contamination.
travel.
The most common type of trauma for women that evokes PTSD is
rape.
homelessness.
natural disasters.
widowhood.
rape.
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include all of the following EXCEPT:
hallucinations.
delusions.
sociality.
excesses and distortions of emotion.
sociality.
Research has shown that people being treated with some of the newer antipsychotic medications are less likely to drop out of treatment. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this fact?
1) The newer medications increase insight. That is, people taking the medications realize that they are sick and need the drugs.
2) The newer medications are far more effective than the older medications that encourage people to continue to take their medication.
3) Compared to the older antipsychotics, the newer drugs can be discontinued after achieving the desired therapeutic gain.
4) Compared to the older antipsychotics, the newer drugs have less extreme and intrusive side- effects.
Compared to the older antipsychotics, the newer drugs have less extreme and intrusive side- effects.
The traditional drugs for treating schizophrenia
generally reduce only positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
commonly produce depressive side-effects.
are effective with less than half of schizophrenics.
enable schizophrenics to adjust to hospital life.
generally reduce only positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
After being discharged from the hospital, case management for people with schizophrenia
is typically conducted by a team.
does not reduce time spent in the hospital.
improves social functioning.
all of the above.
is typically conducted by a team.
Which of the following is a limitation of both family studies and twin studies of schizophrenia?
Both methods employ self-report measures only.
Neither method accounts for the role of shared environment.
Neither method distinguishes between subtypes of schizophrenia.
Both methods use too broad a definition of schizophrenia.
Neither method accounts for the role of shared environment.
Howard had a psychotic episode following the death of his wife. He had hallucinations in which he would hear her speaking to him, telling him to kill himself. Howard developed elaborate delusions about his ability to communicate with his wife’s spirit. Howard recovered from this episode after one week and had no further symptoms What DSM-5 diagnosis would fit Howard’s case?
schizoaffective disorder
brief psychotic disorder
schizophrenia
schizophreniform disorder
brief psychotic disorder
Which of the following is an ongoing issue in the care of patients with schizophrenia?
protecting communities from free-standing mental health hospitals
reconnecting patients with their friends
preventing substance abuse
obtaining affordable long-term residential treatment
preventing substance abuse
An exaggerated sense of importance, power, knowledge, or identity is known as a
grandiose delusions.
hallucinations.
ideas of reference.
none of the above.
grandiose delusions.
In regard to studies identifying chromosomal locations of genes involved in schizophrenia,
chromosomes 1, 2, 5, and 6 have been implicated in all of the studies to date.
the results of these studies are simply too varied to justify any firm conclusions.
we now know that schizophrenia is a purely genetic disorder.
there are a few locations that researchers are certainly involved in the disorder.
the results of these studies are simply too varied to justify any firm conclusions
James suffers from schizophrenia and flails his limbs wildly with excitement. This is most appropriately labeled as
mania.
delusions.
catatonia.
hallucinations
catatonia.
The concordance rate of schizophrenia for fraternal twins is about
45%.
75%.
12%.
95%.
12%.
Roger has a vacant stare. He answers questions in an apathetic, monotone voice, and shows no emotion, even when discussing such events as his mother’s death. Roger’s affect would be described as
blasé.
flat or blunted.
inappropriate.
depressed.
flat or blunted.
Those diagnosed with schizophrenia may believe that
thoughts have been placed inside their heads by outside sources.
their thoughts are being broadcasted or transmitted to others.
they are all-powerful and all-knowing.
all of the above
all of the above
When someone with schizophrenia has trouble performing daily living tasks or dressing normally, or acts in a silly manner, it is referred to as
disorganized reactivity.
avolition.
blunted behavior.
disorganized behavior.
disorganized behavior.
Emil Kraepelin and __________ initially formulated the concept of schizophrenia.
Eugen Bleuler
Sigmund Freud
Jerome Welchup
none of the above
Eugen Bleuler
A possible side-effect of antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia is akathisia,
severe vertigo.
the inability to remain still.
severe confusion.
constant aching of muscles.
the inability to remain still.
Cognitive enhancement therapy seeks to
enhance basic cognitive functions for people with schizophrenia.
challenge belief structures.
incorporate the family members of people with schizophrenia into CBT treatment.
all of the above.
enhance basic cognitive functions for people with schizophrenia.
Which of the following findings led to the conclusion that schizophrenia may be caused by dopamine activity?
Parkinson’s disease is known to be caused by excess levels of dopamine.
People with Parkinson’s disease are more likely to develop schizophrenia.
Drugs that relieve schizophrenic symptoms have side effects similar to Parkinson’s disease.
All of the above are correct findings.
Drugs that relieve schizophrenic symptoms have side effects similar to Parkinson’s disease.
Mr. Cook grew up in severely impoverished circumstances. His mother was unmarried and homeless, and Mr. Cook and his six siblings lived on the streets or in shelters for most of their childhood. They had little formal education or opportunity to make progress in the world. After 17 years of this life, Mr. Cook had his first psychotic episode while digging through a trashcan looking for food for his mother; he heard voices telling him to take off his clothes and eat them. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Cook was picked up by police, taken to a psychiatric hospital, and diagnosed as schizophrenic. Mr. Cook’s story fits the __________ theory of social class and schizophrenia.
schizophrenogenic
sociogenic
high-risk
social-selection
sociogenic
When an individual with schizophrenia shows a blunted affect, that individual
does not experience emotions.
does not express emotions.
does not experience physiological arousal in emotionally intense situations.
all of the above.
does not express emotions.
Clozapine, a newer medication for schizophrenia, has which dangerous potential side effect that requires close monitoring during administration?
decreased insulin production.
loss of white blood cells.
a sudden decrease in liver functioning.
deterioration of spinal fluid integrity
loss of white blood cells.
Commonly reported side-effects of the antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia include
sedation, dizziness, and sexual dysfunction.
depression, anxiety, and confusion.
hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech.
none of the above; antipsychotics were created to eliminate side effects present in previous medications.
sedation, dizziness, and sexual dysfunction
Both Brief Psychotic Disorder and Schizophreniform Disorder share the characteristic that
symptoms have a duration greater than six months.
the symptoms are not the result of extreme stress.
the individual is not aware of his or her symptoms.
one of the symptoms is hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech.
one of the symptoms is hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech.
Studies show that, of the schizophrenic symptoms, the ones with the greater genetic component are
negative symptoms.
persecution delusions.
positive symptoms.
delusions.
negative symptoms.
Mr. Hart spends long hours sitting in a chair with his arms behind his back and his left leg tucked under. No matter what is going on around him, he remains in this position. This is an example of which symptom of schizophrenia?
somatic passivity
inappropriate affect
anhedonia
catatonic immobility
catatonic immobility
The text points out that the appropriateness of a given treatment for schizophrenia depends on
the ratio of positive to negative symptoms the patient experiences.
how many medications the patient can tolerate.
the stage of illness that the patient is in.
how biologically based the patient’s disorder is.
the stage of illness that the patient is in.
In the DSM-5, Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome is now
moved to the Trauma-Related Disorders chapter.
included in section III (conditions needing further research).
included in the Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders chapter.
combined into the Brief Psychotic Disorders diagnosis
included in section III (conditions needing further research).
The DSM-5 removed the subtype of schizophrenia called
paranoid.
disorganized.
catatonic.
all of the above.
all of the above.
When a person incorporates unimportant events within a delusional framework and reads personal significance into trivial activities of others, it is called
absence of logic.
grandiose delusions.
ideas of reference.
hallucinations
ideas of reference
Sensory experiences in the absence of any relevant stimulation from the environment are called
flights of thought.
delusions.
ideas of reference.
hallucinations.
hallucinations.
Which of the following are examples of negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
catatonic immobility, waxy flexibility
hallucinations and delusions
difficulty concentrating, low intelligence, poor memory
flat affect, lack of initiative
flat affect, lack of initiative
Indirect support for the dopamine theory of schizophrenia arose from
blockage of dopamine reuptake by antipsychotic medications.
cases of amphetamine psychosis.
the finding of higher levels of homovanillic acid in the blood of schizophrenics.
the development of catatonia when psychotic episodes end.
cases of amphetamine psychosis.
The social selection theory proposes that
poverty causes schizophrenia.
social discrimination causes both schizophrenia and poverty.
schizophrenia causes poverty.
poverty and schizophrenia are not related.
schizophrenia causes poverty.
Carlos has schizophrenia and is living with his parents. One of his symptoms is a difficulty initiating any activity, and once started, he is unable to finish. This is an example of
avolition.
akathisia.
alogia.
anhedonia.
avolition.
Research suggests the brain abnormalities found in those with schizophrenia may be due to
pregnancy and birth complications.
long-term use of antipsychotic drugs.
chronic confused cognitive patterns.
childhood malnutrition.
pregnancy and birth complications.
Studies of children whose mothers had schizophrenia but who were raised by adopted parents indicate
that there is a strong genetic factor in the development of schizophrenia.
that children who were adopted into homes with low EE (expressed emotion) were more likely to develop schizophrenia.
that there is not a strong genetic factor in the development of schizophrenia.
these studies have been inconclusive.
that there is a strong genetic factor in the development of schizophrenia.
According to the family theory of schizophrenia, a schizophrenogenic mother would be described as
also having schizophrenia.
emotionally cold and domineering.
overly warm and subtly seductive.
carrying a recessive gene for schizophrenia.
emotionally cold and domineering.
When people with schizophrenia are hearing voices, one of the parts of the brain that appears to be activated is
Broca’s area.
Werner’s region.
the cerebellum.
the reticular formation.
Broca’s area.
Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by disturbances in
thought.
emotion.
behavior.
all of the above.
all of the above.
Recent research has found that those with schizophrenia have structural and functional abnormalities in the
temporal cortex
cerebellum
prefrontal cortex
both a and c
both a and c
In schizophrenia research, prodrome refers to
intellectual functioning in the disorder.
the period before a person meets diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia but nonetheless shows some symptoms.
neurobehavioral functioning in the disorder.
positive symptomatology in the disorder.
the period before a person meets diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia but nonetheless shows some symptoms.
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include all of the following EXCEPT:
avolition.
delusions.
alogia.
anhedonia.
delusions.
A negative symptom of schizophrenia is
restricted affect.
asociality.
agitation.
both a and b.
both a and b.
Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between EE (expressed emotion) and unusual thoughts in a person with schizophrenia?
Critical comments made by family members lead a person with schizophrenia to have more unusual thoughts
Unusual thoughts by the patient lead the family of a person with schizophrenia to be more critical
Both a and b
Neither a nor b
Both a and b
One change in the diagnosis of Delusional Disorder is
the specifier that the delusions cannot be erotomanic.
addition of the requirement that the delusions be “non-bizarre”.
a change in the duration requirement for the delusions to one year.
removal of the requirement that the delusions be “non-bizarre”
removal of the requirement that the delusions be “non-bizarre”
“My thoughts get all jumbled up. I start thinking or talking about one thing but then by the time I get to the end of the sentence, I find myself talking about something else instead”. This is an example of which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia?
alogia
avolition
loose associations
delusions
loose associations
During an acute episode of schizophrenia, the most prominent symptom(s) is/are
inability to bathe and take care of personal business.
difficulty concentrating.
disorientation.
positive symptoms.
positive symptoms.
The symptoms of schizophrenia can interfere with all of the following EXCEPT:
maintaining employment.
living independently.
having close relationships with other people.
all of the above.
all of the above.
In some studies, cognitive training therapies for people with schizophrenia appear to be
as effective as psychoanalysis.
helpful in reducing EE (expressed emotion).
effective for improving cognitive abilities.
effective for improving cognitive abilities, as well as improving symptoms
effective for improving cognitive abilities, as well as improving symptoms
In people with schizophrenia, the amount of gray matter in the temporal and frontal cortexes is
less than normal.
greater than normal.
normal.
full of holes and lesions.
less than normal.
Which of the following have been proposed as likely contributors to the reductions in hippocampal volume observed in people with schizophrenia?
stress reactivity and a disrupted HPA axis
anxiety and brain damage
stress reactivity and a disrupted amygdala
anxiety and limbic over-arousal
stress reactivity and a disrupted HPA axis
In a large study, persecutory delusions were found among __________ percent of people with schizophrenia.
25
100
65
75
65
A recent review of 37 longitudinal studies of people after their first episode of schizophrenia found that
the combination of medication and psychosocial treatment predicted the best outcome.
medication was useless in treating the disorder over long periods of time.
medication alone predicted the best outcome.
psychosocial treatments predicted no benefit above and beyond medication.
the combination of medication and psychosocial treatment predicted the best outcome.
The symptom alogia refers to lack of
energy and interest.
emotional response.
speech.
intelligence.
speech
James is struggling with schizophrenia. He also finds it difficult to experience pleasure from activities that he enjoyed before his symptoms began. This is an example of
asociality.
alogia.
avolition.
anhedonia.
anhedonia.
Which of the following suggests that dopamine receptors are mainly related to positive (not negative) symptoms of schizophrenia?
Administering dopamine produces little increase in positive symptoms.
MRIs of schizophrenics with positive symptoms show more receptors.
Parkinson’s Disease involves similar symptoms.
Antipsychotic drugs reduce only positive symptoms
Antipsychotic drugs reduce only positive symptoms
Families with a member with schizophrenia are now encouraged to
begin preventive efforts, since other family members are likely to develop schizophrenia themselves without early intervention.
place their mentally ill family member in long-term, out-of-home care.
join support groups and organizations for the mentally ill, to help reduce stigma and isolation.
all of the above.
join support groups and organizations for the mentally ill, to help reduce stigma and isolation.
Family studies of the genetic basis for schizophrenia look at
the rate of schizophrenia in relatives of patients with schizophrenia.
concordance for schizophrenia in cultures where incest is relatively common.
the effects of being raised by a patient with schizophrenia.
the likelihood that a patient with schizophrenia will have children.
the rate of schizophrenia in relatives of patients with schizophrenia.
The DSM-5 criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia include all of the following categories EXCEPT:
hallucinations.
disorganized speech.
forgetfulness.
delusions.
forgetfulness
What is a goal of recent therapy efforts with the families of individuals with schizophrenia?
To relieve guilt and help family shield the schizophrenic from social disgrace.
To encourage the family to support more independence for the person with schizophrenia.
To provide insight into family patterns that produced the schizophrenia.
To teach constructive ways of expressing feelings and resolving conflicts.
To teach constructive ways of expressing feelings and resolving conflicts.
Among those with schizophrenia who suffer from delusions, a large majority experience
delusions of persecution.
delusions of impulses imposed by others.
thought broadcast.
hallucinations with the delusions.
delusions of persecution
Sam believes the Queen of England is in love with him. He does not have any other symptoms. His most likely diagnosis would be
schizophreniform disorder.
bipolar disorder with delusions.
schizoaffective disorder.
delusional disorder.
delusional disorder.
Anhedonia as a symptom of schizophrenia refers to lack of
emotional expression.
speech.
coherent speech.
interest or pleasure.
interest or pleasure.
Carla has schizophrenia. Which of her symptoms is most likely to be present outside of an acute episode of schizophrenia?
Hearing a voice telling her she is not good at her job.
Thinking that her thoughts are being broadcast so others can read them.
Not showering for days on end.
None of the above.
Not showering for days on end.
When Marcia heard that her favorite cat had been hit by a car and killed, she giggled quietly. This is an example of
flat blunted affect.
inappropriate affect.
anhedonia.
incoherence.
inappropriate affect.
Schizophrenia most commonly appears in
late adulthood.
early childhood.
adolescence or early adulthood.
middle or late childhood.
adolescence or early adulthood.
A problem with any kind of treatment for schizophrenia is that
the disorder is biologically based, so only medications can help.
some people with schizophrenia lack insight into their impaired condition and refuse any treatment at all.
they rarely help.
all therapies are upsetting to patients.
some people with schizophrenia lack insight into their impaired condition and refuse any treatment at all.
Symptoms of schizophrenia have been classified as
positive, negative, and disorganized.
organized, disorganized, and negative.
positive, neutral, and negative.
organized, positive, and negative.
positive, negative, and disorganized.
Research has made specific recommendations regarding what doses of medications to use in treating schizophrenia. In actual practice,
most do not receive medication in the recommended range.
although most receive the recommended dosages while hospitalized, compliance is not monitored after discharge.
a small percentage receives doses that are approximately twice the recommended dose.
none of the above.
most do not receive medication in the recommended range.
When the person deliberately remembers the event in therapy, it is called
imaginal exposure.
treatment exposure.
reactivation treatment.
cruel treatment
imaginal exposure.
OCD tends to begin
during middle adulthood
during early adolescence
during infancy
before age 10 or during late adolescence/early adulthood
before age 10 or during late adolescence/early adulthood
Irritable or aggressive behavior, reckless or self-destructive behavior, difficulty falling or staying asleep, and hyper-vigilance are all symptoms associated with the DSM-5’s ___________ category of PTSD.
avoidance of stimuli associated with the event
symptoms of increased arousal and reactivity
intrusively re-experiencing the traumatic event
mood and cognitive changes following the trauma
symptoms of increased arousal and reactivity
The estimated heritability for OCD ranges from __________ to __________ percent.
60; 80
90; 100
10; 20
40; 50
40; 50
In PTSD, criteria for negative alterations in mood or cognition include all of these except:
More frequent negative mood in children
Inability to recall specific aspects of the trauma
Social withdrawal in women
Blaming others
Social withdrawal in women
Which of the following treatments has been shown to be more effective than either medication or supportive psychotherapy in treating posttraumatic stress disorder?
progressive muscle relaxation
exposure that focuses on trauma-related events
EMDR
group psychotherapy with other trauma victims
exposure that focuses on trauma-related events
The __________ of the trauma influences whether or not a person will develop PTSD.
source
severity
difficulty
frequency
severity
Norepinephrine and __________ are typically present during periods of extreme stress, which leads to stronger memory formation.
serotonin
cortisol
testosterone
none of the above
cortisol
A disorder that involves repetitive thoughts and behaviors that are so extreme as to interfere with everyday life is called:
post traumatic stress disorder.
social phobic disorder.
generalized anxiety disorder.
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Commonly reported compulsions include all of the following EXCEPT
performing repetitive, magical protective acts.
pursuing cleanliness and orderliness
uncontrollable cyring
repetitive checking to ensure that certain acts are carried out.
uncontrollable cyring
Taken as a whole, the criteria for Acute Stress Disorder and the criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder are __________ in the DSM-5 than in the DSM-IV-TR.
more distinct
particularly different in terms of severity of symptoms
more similar
unchanged
more similar
Attempting to stop an obsession is called
reinforcement attempts.
compulsive suppression.
ceasing behavior.
thought suppression.
thought suppression.
As with the anxiety disorders, PTSD appears to be related to a greater activation of the amygdala and diminished activation of the
temporal lobes.
occipital lobes.
frontal cortex.
medial prefrontal cortex.
medial prefrontal cortex.
Diane has repetitive thoughts that her house will catch on fire. She repeatedly checks the stove to make sure it is turned off. Diane’s compulsive behavior serves to
provide immediate relief from the anxiety associated with her repetitive thoughts.
reinforce her checking behaviors.
lower her psychophysiological arousal.
all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is NOT a likely comorbid diagnosis for those with PTSD?
major depression
substance abuse
social anxiety disorder
other anxiety disorders
social anxiety disorder
In spite of strong ethics that would prevent it, Tony experiences recurrent and unwanted thoughts that he might behave inappropriately toward a supervisor at work. To be given a diagnosis of OCD, he must also:
actively attempt to ignore the thoughts.
engage in a superstitious ritual to prevent the behavior from occurring.
be unaware that the worry about behaving in such a way is irrational.
have difficulty discarding possessions regardless of their value.
actively attempt to ignore the thoughts.
People diagnosed as having hoarding disorder or body dysmorphic disorder probably had a relative with
mood disorder.
OCD.
identity disorder.
social anxiety disorder.
OCD.
People diagnosed as having body dysmorphic disorder are more attuned to
facial symmetry
attractiveness
distortions
both a and b
both a and b
Which of the following is a compulsion?
Persistent thoughts about harming one’s spouse.
Having persistent doubts about whether the stove was turned off that morning.
A persistent fear of getting dirty.
Persistent checking for one’s keys.
Persistent checking for one’s keys.
Iris was in an automobile accident. She goes to a psychologist a week after the accident. If she is experiencing nightmares, flashbacks, and headaches, and is ruminating about the accident, she will likely receive which diagnosis?
generalized anxiety disorder
posttraumatic stress disorder
anxiety disorder not otherwise specified
acute stress disorder
acute stress disorder
A strictly behavioral therapist treating Steve for contamination fear due to OCD would use which of the following interventions?
Have Steve challenge the idea that it is necessary to be clean.
Have Steve meditate daily.
Have Steve purposely get dirty.
Have Steve say ‘stop’ to himself quietly when he feels he must wash.
Have Steve purposely get dirty.
Confronting one’s worst fears, such as contamination by dirty objects, is used during
classical conditioning.
psychoanalysis.
interpersonal therapy.
exposure response prevention therapy
exposure response prevention therapy
A common symptom associated with OCD is
self-soothing.
trying unsuccessfully to suppress, ignore, or neutralize the obsession.
insecurity and separation anxiety.
volatile mood swings.
trying unsuccessfully to suppress, ignore, or neutralize the obsession.
Which of the following is NOT one of the DSM-5 categories for PTSD?
forgetfulness and disorientation following the trauma
avoidance of stimuli associated with the event
intrusively re-experiencing the traumatic event
mood and cognitive changes following the trauma
forgetfulness and disorientation following the trauma
Behavior models of the etiology for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders emphasize
stimulus-response relationships.
operant conditioning.
punishment.
classical conditioning.
operant conditioning.
Rather than being considered part of the avoidance cluster of symptoms, the DSM-5 considers numbing symptoms such as feeling distant from others to be part of the ___________ category.
Increased social withdrawal
Re-experiencing the trauma
Decreased arousal and increased reactivity
Negative alterations in cognition and mood
Negative alterations in cognition and mood
Which of the following is an obsession?
having excessive worry over finances.
repeatedly checking that the water is turned off.
humming a tune over and over.
having a recurring fear that one is giving others illnesses when they actually are not.
having a recurring fear that one is giving others illnesses when they actually are not.
