Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Studies suggest that IPT
is effective in treating depression, but fails to prevent relapse, especially in the elderly.
is effective in relieving depression and preventing relapse.
is relatively ineffective.
is comparable in its effectiveness to psychoanalysis.
A
is effective in relieving depression and preventing relapse.
2
Q
Jill is seeking treatment for depression, which started after she ended a long-term relationship. Which of the following would be a global depressive attribution she might make?
“Sometimes I feel there is something the matter with me. Maybe I am not pretty enough.”
“There must be something wrong with me, because I always attract people who are wrong for me.”
“My relationships end badly because I get jealous and I drive them away.”
“My next relationship will likely be better.”
A
“There must be something wrong with me, because I always attract people who are wrong for me.”
3
Q
Which of the following statements is correct?
Cardiovascular health and depression predict each other.
Depression predicts cardiovascular health.
Cardiovascular health predicts depression.
Cardiovascular health and depression are unrelated.
A
Cardiovascular health and depression predict each other.
4
Q
Recent trials of psychological treatment of bipolar disorder have shown that
only medication should be used to treat bipolar disorder.
these treatments work better in decreasing symptoms than medication.
these treatments only help with the highs (mania) and not the lows (depression).
several established treatments can help people with bipolar disorder stay on medication and avoid hospitalization.
A
several established treatments can help people with bipolar disorder stay on medication and avoid hospitalization.
5
Q
In both animals and humans, too much cortisol appears to produce
manic symptoms.
depressive symptoms.
HPA axis activity.
Cushing’s syndrome.
A
depressive symptoms.
6
Q
In the past year, John has had three depressive episodes and two manic episodes. Which of the following DSM-5 diagnoses would best fit John?
bipolar II disorder – rapid cycling specifier
cyclothymia
bipolar I disorder – rapid cycling specifier
major depressive disorder – rapid cycling specifier
A
bipolar I disorder – rapid cycling specifier
7
Q
Studies suggest that suicide risk is
always due to social factors.
partially heritable.
always due to environmental factors.
caused by low levels of norepinephrine
A
partially heritable.
8
Q
Juan experiences symptoms of sad mood, increased sleep, agitation, poor appetite, and concentration difficulties most of the day. Julia, on the other hand, has symptoms of loss of interest in activities, lethargy, increased appetite, feelings of worthlessness, and recurrent thoughts of death. What can be concluded regarding Juan and Julia?
Both have cyclothymic disorder.
Juan has mania, whereas Julia has major depression.
Both Juan and Julia have bipolar disorder.
Both have major depression
A
Both have major depression
9
Q
Psychomotor agitation involves
Pacing.
Fidgeting.
Wringing hands.
All of the above.
A
All of the above.
10
Q
The term melancholic is used for
manic and depressive episodes.
manic episodes.
neither manic nor depressive episodes.
depressive episodes.
A
depressive episodes.
11
Q
Which of the following disorders has the highest heritability estimates?
persistent depressive disorder
major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder
cyclothymia
A
bipolar disorder
12
Q
The mood disorder called ____________________ was included in the appendices of the DSM-IV-TR but is included as a diagnosis in the DSM-5.
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar I Disorder
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder
A
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
13
Q
Which of the following describes the relationship between depression and suicide?
Almost all people who are depressed attempt suicide.
Contrary to popular belief, there is no relationship between depression and suicide.
Almost all people who commit suicide are depressed.
More than half of the people who attempt suicide are depressed at the time of the act.
A
More than half of the people who attempt suicide are depressed at the time of the act.
14
Q
The DSM-5 diagnosis of major depressive disorder includes __________ depressive symptoms that are present for at least two weeks.
3
2
5
4
A
5
15
Q
In modern applications of electroconvulsive therapy, electrical current
is not used. Instead, convulsions are induced chemically.
is passed through the non-dominant hemisphere.
is higher than in the past.
is passed only through the frontal lobe.
A
is passed through the non-dominant hemisphere.
16
Q
Including symptoms of severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent negative mood for at least 1 year beginning before age 10, _____________________ is a new diagnosis in the DSM-5.
Major Depressive Disorder
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
A
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
17
Q
Flight of ideas refers to
the thinking of a person with dementia.
delusional thinking.
rapid shifts in topics while speaking.
suicidal thinking.
A
rapid shifts in topics while speaking.
18
Q
As many as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of people prescribed an antidepressant stop taking their medication within the first month. \: 90% 10% 20% 40%
A
40%
19
Q
After a stressful life event, most people
become depressed.
will have another stressful life event.
experience a reduction in social support.
do not become depressed.
A
do not become depressed.
20
Q
Major Depressive Disorder-Chronic Subtype and Dysthymia have been combined into the new diagnosis of __________________ in the DSM-5.
Bipolar I Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Premenstrual Depressive Disorder
A
Persistent Depressive Disorder
21
Q
Nonsuicidal self-injury is described in section III of the DSM-5 in order to
reduce the incidence of this problematic behavior
focus more attention on this issue
distinguish it from serious suicidal intent
make clear that it is not diagnosable
A
focus more attention on this issue
22
Q
Which of the following is a chronic, milder form of bipolar disorder?
manic-depression
dysthymic disorder
cyclothymic disorder
hypomanic disorder
A
cyclothymic disorder
23
Q
Medications as a treatment for depression
are used almost exclusively, since they have been found to be superior to psychotherapy.
are no longer used, since psychotherapy has been demonstrated to be more effective.
are used most effectively in conjunction with psychotherapy.
continue to be used despite evidence of ineffectiveness and serious side effects.
A
are used most effectively in conjunction with psychotherapy.
24
Q
In the opening clinical case, Mary M. reported a lack of energy, difficulty sleeping, loss of appetite, difficulty concentrating, and a loss of interest in activities she previously enjoyed. From this information, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for Mary M.?
Bipolar disorder
Eating disorder
Major depressive disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
A
Major depressive disorder
25
Which of the following characteristics is strongly tied to suicidality?
hostility and cynicism
ambivalence
introversion
hopelessness
hopelessness
26
Mindfulness-based therapy is
most effective for people who have had just one major depressive episode.
most effective for women.
most effective for people who experience recurrent depressive episodes.
as effective as treatment as usual.
most effective for people who experience recurrent depressive episodes
27
Which of the following disorders is newly included in the DSM-5?
Bipolar III disorder
Bipolar II disorder
Bipolar I disorder
Persistent depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder
28
Which of the following is a major problem that remains in the use of medication for the treatment of depression?
Relapse after medication discontinuation.
Permanent memory loss associated with some medicines.
There is little effect upon negative attributions.
All of the above are problems in medication treatment
Relapse after medication discontinuation.
29
In Beck's theory, one form of cognitive bias leading to depression would be excessive attention toward
negative feedback.
childhood sexual abuse.
the past.
global disasters.
negative feedback.
30
The Reasons for Living inventory focuses upon
the amount of time the person has felt suicidal.
how people will react to the examinee's suicide.
the motivation for committing suicide.
the things in a person's life that prevent suicide
the things in a person's life that prevent suicide.
31
Every winter for the past three years, Natalie has felt extremely depressed for a period of months and is unable to keep up with her responsibilities because of her low energy and difficulty concentrating. She always appears to feel better by early spring and is at her best during the summer. Which of the following DSM-5 diagnoses would best fit Natalie?
Major depression
Cyclothymic disorder
Seasonal affective disorder
Natalie's symptoms reflect normal mood fluctuations and would not be given a DSM-5 diagnosis
Seasonal affective disorder
32
Which of the following statements is true?
:
All people who experience manic symptoms will experience symptoms of depression at some point during their lifetime.
An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar I.
An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar II.
All of the above.
An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar II.
33
Mindfulness-based therapy is adapted from
IPT.
behavioral therapy.
cognitive therapy.
psychoanalysis.
cognitive therapy.
34
According to the DSM-5, bereavement-related symptoms are no longer excluded from the diagnosis of
Premenstrual Dysphoric disorder
Persistent depressive disorder
Bipolar I disorder
Major depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder
35
In regard to suicide and gender, more __________ attempt suicide and more __________ actually kill themselves.
women; men
men; women
men; men
women; women
women; men
36
Among individuals who are depressed,
cortisol levels are often poorly regulated.
most have Cushing's syndrome as well.
levels of dexamethasone are dysregulated.
all of the above are correct.
cortisol levels are often poorly regulated
37
Studies of the epidemiology of suicide suggest that
rates are lower among regular churchgoers.
men are more likely to attempt suicide.
suicide rates decrease with age.
about 10% to 20% of people report suicidal ideation at one point in their life
about 10% to 20% of people report suicidal ideation at one point in their life
38
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is distinguished from major depression by the addition of symptoms such as
Breast tenderness or swelling.
Bloating.
Joint or muscle pain.
All of these are symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
All of these are symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
39
Norepinephrine and serotonin are __________ implicated in mood disorder etiology.
neurotransmitters
two parts of the autonomic nervous system
structures in the limbic system
antidepressant medications
neurotransmitters
40
In one prospective study, feelings of rejection and self-hatred preceded the behavior of _______________.
Suicidal self-injury
Nonsuicidal self-injury
Mania
None of the above
Nonsuicidal self-injury
41
The most prevalent psychiatric disorder in the U.S. is
Major depressive disorder
Cyclothymia
Bipolar disorder
Mood dysregulation disorder
Major depressive disorder
42
In interpersonal psychotherapy, the focus of treatment is on examining
major interpersonal problems in current relationships.
cognitive biases in relationships.
how the past is influencing the present.
current behaviors and how they interfere with relationships.
major interpersonal problems in current relationships.
43
In the DSM-5, __________ is included in persistent depressive disorder.
Chronic major depressive disorder
Chronic bereavement-related depression
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Bipolar I disorder
Chronic major depressive disorder
44
Pleasure, motivation, and energy decrease in depression and increase in mania. This suggests neurological changes in the
HPA axis.
second messengers.
amygdala.
reward system.
reward system.
45
Which of the following people is least likely to have major depression?
A 20-year-old wealthy man
A 35-year-old unemployed man
A 45-year-old wealthy woman
A 19-year-old wealthy woman who has had one episode of depression in the past
A 20-year-old wealthy man
46
John is in the middle of a major depressive episode. His friend, Sophie, has never experienced depression and she is trying to be supportive of John. If you were to show both John and Sophie photos of people with sad or angry expressions on their face,
1) based on this information, both Sophie and John would probably have the same amount of activity in their amygdala.
2) functional activation studies would most likely indicate that John has a stronger and more sustained reaction in his amygdala than Sophie.
3) functional activation studies would most likely indicate that Sophie has a stronger and more sustained reaction in her amygdala than John.
4) structural activation studies would most likely indicate that John has a stronger and more sustained reaction in his amygdala than Sophie.
functional activation studies would most likely indicate that John has a stronger and more sustained reaction in his amygdala than Sophie.
47
Stressful life events
play little role in the onset of depressive episodes.
mediate the relationship between genetics and environment.
are important in triggering episodes of depression.
are only related to the first episode of depress
are important in triggering episodes of depression.
48
Tricyclics (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are
parts of the limbic system implicated in mood disorders.
antidepressant medications.
neurotransmitters.
never used any more.
antidepressant medications.
49
Extreme physical immobility or excessive peculiar physical movements are known as:
atypical features.
catatonic features.
mixed features.
melancholic features
catatonic features.
50
Which of the following is not considered a common symptom of depression?
Psychomotor retardation or agitation
Sleeping too much or too little
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
All of the above are common symptoms of depression
All of the above are common symptoms of depression
51
For a period of one week, Alan experienced episodes of extreme elation that caused significant functional impairment. Based on this information only, Alan was experiencing a
manic episode.
hypomanic episode.
depressive episode.
none of the above
manic episode.
52
Jacqueline has been consistently depressed for the past three years. Based on this information, the best diagnosis for Jacqueline would be
Cyclothymic disorder.
Disruptive mood regulation disorder.
Persistent depressive disorder.
Bipolar disorder.
Persistent depressive disorder.
53
If Stephanie is characterized as a person high in neuroticism, she
is most likely clinically depressed.
is at elevated risk for developing depression.
is likely to experience low levels of anxiety, but high levels of depression.
is not likely to become depressed, but likely to become anxious.
is at elevated risk for developing depression.
54
The DSM-5 recognizes which of the following forms of bipolar disorders?
Bipolar I and Bipolar II
Bipolar I, Bipolar II and Cyclothymia
Bipolar and Cyclothymia
Bipolar I, Bipolar II and Bipolar III
Bipolar I, Bipolar II and Cyclothymia
55
While many difficulties might get a person thinking about suicide, __________ seems to predict the switch from suicidal thoughts to suicidal actions.
mania
impulsivity
drug abuse
helplessness
impulsivity
56
In the latest version of hopelessness theory, depression results from inescapable aversive situations only
when a family member has a history of depression.
for individuals who make depressive attributions during or following the aversive situation.
when the person believes they can survive the aversive situation.
if the individual already feels depressed.
for individuals who make depressive attributions during or following the aversive situation.
57
__________ as many girls as boys are exposed to childhood sexual abuse.
Four times
Five times
Three times
Twice
Twice
58
Most researchers believe that
mood disorders are caused by a dysregulation of norepinephrine.
mood disorders are caused by a set of genes.
mood disorders are caused by a single gene called N34.
mood disorders are caused by a single gene that regulates mood.
mood disorders are caused by a set of genes.
59
Over time, repeated interactions with people with depression typically result in
the depressed person eliciting negative feedback.
the depressed person feeling less depressed.
longer interactions than with people without depression.
more depression even if there is an effort to reduce the depression in the conversation.
the depressed person eliciting negative feedback.
60
Which of the following reasons make suicide difficult to address among college students?
School insurance does not cover suicidality.
Suicidal feelings are so common among this population that one should just wait it out.
There are not enough counseling centers available for students to get help.
Most schools encourage students who are suicidal to withdraw.
Most schools encourage students who are suicidal to withdraw.
61
Researchers have found that first-generation immigrants who came to the U.S. have __________ rates of major depressive disorder than those born in the U.S.
Lower
Higher
No difference
None of these answers is correct - it has not been determined yet
Lower
62
The diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder should NOT be made when
there is a family history of bipolar disorder.
the temper outbursts are frequent and inconsistent with the child's developmental level.
there has never been a manic episode lasting longer than one day.
there has ever been a manic episode lasting longer than one day
there has ever been a manic episode lasting longer than one day
63
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder involves
both children and adolescents.
adults.
children.
adolescents
both children and adolescents.
64
The diagnosis of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder includes the criterion that
The symptoms must be most severe during menses.
The symptoms must persist in similar severity from a few days before to a few days after the onset of menses.
The symptom of self-depreciation must be present.
The symptoms must resolve completely within a few days of the onset of menses.
The symptoms must resolve completely within a few days of the onset of menses.
65
Across paradigms, treatment of mood disorders typically includes
cognitive therapy.
psychoeducation.
behavioral marital therapy.
behavioral activation.
psychoeducation.
66
Studies of neurochemistry and suicide have found low levels of ____________ major metabolite in suicide victims.
norepinephrine's
dopamine's
serotonin's
all of the above
serotonin's
67
The slowing of thoughts and movements by those experiencing depression is called
Psychomotor retardation.
Social withdrawal.
Psychomotor agitation.
Melancholia.
Psychomotor retardation.
68
Twin studies yield heritability estimates of __________ for major depressive disorder.
70%
85%
37%
25%
37%
69
Delusions or hallucinations with themes that are consistent with the mood state (e.g., guilt, disease or death themes accompanying depression) are known as
mood-incongruent psychotic features.
catatonic features.
mood-congruent psychotic features.
mixed features.
mood-congruent psychotic features.
70
Which of the following symptoms differentiate Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder from Persistent Depressive Disorder?
Joint or muscle pain indicates Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder but not Persistent Depressive Disorder.
Sleeping too much or too little is indicative of Persistent Depressive Disorder but not Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
Depressive symptoms must persist for at least two years in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder but not in Persistent Depressive Disorder.
The only distinction is in the timing and frequency of the symptoms.
Joint or muscle pain indicates Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder but not Persistent Depressive Disorder
71
Behavioral activation involves
increasing serotonin levels.
increasing the number of meaningful relationships.
increasing the number of active, pleasurable experiences.
increasing one's commitment to therapy
increasing the number of active, pleasurable
72
In bipolar disorder, depressive episodes are typically triggered by
similar factors as in major depression.
difficulty facing the seriousness of the disorder.
aftereffects of manic episodes.
neurological changes.
similar factors as in major depression.
73
Which of the following statements is true?
Tryptophan is used to lower dopamine levels.
A person who has very sensitive serotonin receptors is expected to experience lots of depressive symptoms as their serotonin levels drop.
People who are vulnerable to depression may have highly sensitive serotonin receptors.
People who are vulnerable to depression may have less sensitive serotonin receptors
People who are vulnerable to depression may have less sensitive serotonin receptors.
74
Which of the following statements is true?
There is a negative relationship between bipolar disorders and creativity.
Depression causes creative outbursts.
There is a positive relationship between bipolar disorders and creativity.
Creativity causes improvements in mood.
There is a positive relationship between bipolar disorders and creativity.
75
The DSM-5 includes ___ new mood disorders.
4
1
3
2
3
76
To be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, a person
must be currently experiencing manic symptoms.
must have had at least one episode of mania at some point in their lifetime.
must have experienced at least one depressive episode.
must have experienced hypomanic symptoms as well as depressive symptoms at some point in their lifetime.
must have had at least one episode of mania at some point in their lifetime.
77
Which of the following is a problem with seeking psychiatric help from a primary care physician?
Primary care doctors tend to overreact to psychopathology.
Primary care doctors only know how to prescribe SSRI's.
It is more expensive to obtain psychiatric help from a primary care doctor.
Primary care doctors often give medicine but are not trained to properly to diagnose episodes of depression.
Primary care doctors often give medicine but are not trained to properly to diagnose episodes of depression.
78
People who are depressed most commonly have
had a best friend die suddenly.
recently broken up with their partner.
just lost their job.
low social support
low social support
79
About __________ of people who have experienced a major depressive disorder will experience at least one more episode during their lifetime.
a) One quarter.
b) Half.
c) Two thirds.
d) Three quarters.
Two thirds.
80
Which of the following factors have NOT been proposed as an explanation for the gender difference in depression?
a) Girls are more likely to be exposed to sexual abuse than boys.
b) Women tend to be more creative than men.
c) Women are more likely to be exposed to chronic stressors in adulthood.
d) Social roles promote emotion-focused coping among women.
Women tend to be more creative than men.
81
Research has demonstrated a relationship between __________ and depression, which is moderated by __________.
a) loss; IQ
b) life stress; social support
c) diet; exercise
d) overly optimistic cognitions; intelligence
life stress; social support
82
According to learned helplessness theory, following a failure on an important exam, which of the following explanations for the failure is most likely to lead to depression?
a) This teacher doesn't like me.
b) I am stupid.
c) I was in a bad mood on the day of the test.
d) I did not study hard enough.
I am stupid.
83
Research indicating that people with bipolar disorder describe themselves as very responsive to rewards may help explain why those with bipolar disorder are at increased risk for becoming manic after
a) life events involving goal attainment.
b) increasing the number of life needs.
c) deep depression.
d) receiving gifts.
life events involving goal attainment.
84
```
Which of the following is a symptom of depression?
Loss of interest and pleasure
Difficulty concentrating
Loss of energy and fatigue
All of the above
```
All of the above
85
Which of the following is a symptom of depression?
Eating too much
Eating too little
Both A and B
Both A and B
86
In order to be diagnosed with depression, a person must have thoughts of suicide.
True
False
False
87
```
How many symptoms must a person have to be diagnosed as having a major depressive episode?
3
4
5
6
```
5
88
From the late teens through age 60, prevalence rates for depression ___________.
Increase
Decrease
Remain stable
Decrease
89
```
What is the typical age of onset for major depressive disorder?
Teens
20s
30s
40s
```
20s
90
```
Among individuals who experience a first episode of depression, _____ will experience subsequent future episodes.
1/4
1/3
1/2
2/3
```
2/3
91
```
What is the prevalence of Bipolar Disorder?
0.1%
1%
10%
20%
```
1%
92
Bipolar Disorder is _____.
More common among women than men
More common among men than women
Equally common among women and men
Equally common among men and women
93
Which of the following is a symptom of a manic episode?
unusual talkativeness or pressured speech
increased activity at work, school, or in social situations
excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with potential for painful consequences
All of the above
All of the above
94
How does a hypomanic episode differ from a manic episode?
Symptoms are not severe enough to interfere with daily functioning
There are no hallucinations or delusions
The person experiences symptoms of both mania and depression within the same 24-hour period.
Both A and B
Both a and b
95
```
Which of the following is considered to be a less severe, more chronic form of Bipolar disorder?
Bipolar II
Cyclothymic disorder
Hypomanic disorder
Submanic disorder
```
Cyclothymic disorder
96
Which of the following statements about genetic contributions to depression is TRUE?
The DZ twin concordance rate is approximately equal to the MZ twin concordance rate.
First degree relatives of individuals with unipolar depression are approximately 10 times more likely to have depression than first degree relatives of individuals without depression.
Researchers have isolated the gene responsible for causing most cases of depression.
The MZ twin concordance rate is approximately 50%.
The MZ twin concordance rate is approximately 50%.
97
What is one important difference between older theories of depression and newer theories?
Older theories focus on different neurotransmitters than new theories
Older theories emphasize the absolute level of neurotransmitters; newer theories emphasize receptor sensitivity
Older theories focus on medication side-effects; newer theories do not
Older theories emphasize biological contributions to depression; newer theories do not
Older theories emphasize the absolute level of neurotransmitters; newer theories emphasize receptor sensitivity
98
```
Which of the following is NOT one of the neurotransmitters that is believed to be involved in unipolar depression?
Serotonin
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
```
Acetylcholine
99
```
Which of the following brain areas has been NOT been identified as having abnormal levels of activity in depression?
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
```
Cerebellum
100
Which of the following statements about neuroimaging research and mood disorders is TRUE?
Many of the findings among people with depression do NOT apply to people with bipolar disorder
People with depression show elevated activity in an area of the brain linked to responsiveness to reward
People with bipolar disorder show elevated activity in an area of the brain linked to responsiveness to reward
Both A and C
People with bipolar disorder show elevated activity in an area of the brain linked to responsiveness to reward
101
Which statement BEST summarizes the research on neuroendocrine factors in depression?
People with depression have abnormally low levels of stress hormones, such as cortisol.
People with depression have poorly regulated neuroendocrine responses to stress.
People with depression do not have an HPA axis.
None of the above
People with depression have poorly regulated neuroendocrine responses to stress.
102
Which of the following statements about life events in mood disorders is TRUE?
80% of individuals who experience a stressful life event become depressed within the next year.
Goal-striving situations may trigger manic symptoms in individuals with bipolar disorder
Sleep disruption can trigger depression in individuals with major depressive disorder
All of the above
Goal-striving situations may trigger manic symptoms in individuals with bipolar disorder
103
Which of the following statements about interpersonal factors in depression is FALSE?
Interpersonal losses frequently precede depression
Individuals with depression frequently show excessive reassurance seeking
Individuals with depression can behave in ways that cause conflict in their relationships
None of the above
None of the above
104
```
Ken is trying to lose weight. He has eaten healthfully for the past seven days. Just moments ago, he gave in to temptation and ate a handful of M&M’s. Ken believes that he has “completely blown it,” and he may as well give up on his efforts to lose weight. Ken’s perception illustrates __________.
Arbitrary inference
All or nothing thinking
Learned helplessness
Rumination
```
All or nothing thinking
105
Sara failed her first biology exam. Which attribution for this negative life event is unstable and specific?
I am not very intelligent.
I did not spend enough time studying for the exam.
I did not spend enough time studying for the exam.
106
Which of the following statements about about individuals with a ruminative response style of coping is FALSE?
They are more likely to develop depression.
They are more likely to engage in problem-solving.
They can identify many possible causes for their distress.
They focus repetitively on the way that they feel
They are more likely to engage in problem-solving.
107
Which of the following statements about demographic differences in the prevalence of depression is TRUE?
Men are more likely to suffer from depression than women
African Americans are more likely to suffer from depression than European Americans
The prevalence of depression is lower in less industrialized countries.
People born in the early 1900s are more likely to suffer depression than people born since 1955.
The prevalence of depression is lower in less industrialized countries.
108
```
Medications used to treat depressive disorders include all of the following EXCEPT:
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
tricyclic antidepressants
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
tryptophan reuptake inhibitors
```
tryptophan reuptake inhibitors
109
Research suggests that SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) antidepressants are more effective than tricyclic antidepressants.
True
False
False
110
```
Which approach to psychotherapy teaches clients to view their thoughts as “mental events,” rather than accurate reflections of reality?
Interpersonal therapy
Cognitive therapy
Behavioral activation therapy
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
```
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
111
Which of the following statements about the treatment of depression is TRUE?
Mood stabilizing medication is the first line treatment for bipolar disorder.
Antidepressant medications for unipolar depression are more effective than psychotherapy in preventing relapse
Research suggests that combining medication with psychotherapy reduces the effectiveness of both approaches to treatment.
All of the above
Mood stabilizing medication is the first line treatment for bipolar disorder.
112
The DSM-5 criteria for cyclothymic disorder involves all of the following EXCEPT
numerous periods with depressive symptoms.
it must have occurred for at least two years.
numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms.
symptoms do not clear for more than six months at a time
symptoms do not clear for more than six months at a time
113
```
Scott has bipolar disorder. Which medication is the most likely to be prescribed?
:
imipramine
fluoxetine (Prozac)
an MAO inhibitor
lithium carbonate
```
lithium carbonate
114
Jacob's psychiatrist has recommended electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT), and Jacob is debating whether to consent to this treatment. Which of the following risks should Jacob consider when making his decision?
bone fractures caused by the seizure
developing a seizure disorder
memory loss and confusion
permanent changes in brain structure
memory loss and confusion
115
The hopelessness theory of depression is predicated on
cognitive diatheses that lead to negative attributions.
biological features of depression resulting in negative attributions.
depression resulting from previous helplessness situations.
a return to the animal lab to further understand factors leading to depression.
cognitive diatheses that lead to negative attributions.
116
Given the inconsistent evidence about levels of neurotransmitters in people with mood disorders, researchers have begun to focus research efforts on
whether specific levels of serotonin or dopamine are important.
the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors.
understanding the types of people who have no disturbances in their absolute levels of neurotransmitters.
finding a new neurotransmitter.
the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors
117
The DSM-5 includes __________ new depressive disorders.
4
5
3
2
2
118
In regards to depression, the amygdala
helps a person recall painful memories.
helps a person execute plans.
regulates heart rate.
helps a person assess how emotionally important a given stimulus is
helps a person assess how emotionally important a given stimulus is
119
Electroconvulsive therapy
is so risky that it is only reserved for people who are actively suicidal.
is no longer used in the treatment of depression.
is usually recommended if a person does not respond to SSRIs in the second week of treatment.
can be a highly effective in treating depression, especially depression with psychotic features.
can be a highly effective in treating depression, especially depression with psychotic features.
120
Jolynn was experiencing major depression, and she went to a therapist who treated her with interpersonal therapy. Her therapist probably encouraged her to
confront her parents with her anger at them for neglecting her as a child.
attempt to replace depressing memories with happy ones.
keep a record of her moods over the course of the day and their relationship to the number of positive contacts she has with other people.
examine her own way of relating to others in her environment
examine her own way of relating to others in her environment
121
The depressive cognitive triad, according to Beck's cognitive theory of depression, is
distorted ways of reaching conclusions about events.
negative schemata triggered by negative life events.
negative beliefs about how things work in the world.
pessimistic views of self, world, and future
pessimistic views of self, world, and future
122
The latest findings regarding the efficacy of medication versus psychotherapy in the treatment of depression conclude that
medication is superior to psychotherapy in the long term.
findings are inconsistent, thus more research is needed in this area.
psychotherapy works better than medication in the short term.
none of the above.
findings are inconsistent, thus more research is needed in this area.
