Chapter 7

Question 1

4 basic elements of an experiment

1) ma……….
2) me………
3) com…….
4) con….

Answer 1

1) manipulation
2) measurement
3) comparison
4) control

Question 2

Statistical significance

You must conduct a h……… test to see if groups are statistically different

H……… test eliminates chance as explanation

Answer 2

You must conduct a hypothesis test to see if groups are statistically different

Hypothesis test eliminates chance as explanation

Question 3

Terminology

IV

Tx condition

Levels- different levels of IV

DV

Extraneous variables-

Answer 3

IV

Tx condition

Levels- different levels of IV

DV

Extraneous variables-
All other variables besides Iv and dv

Question 4

Causation and the problems

Just because two variables are related doesn’t mean c….-e…..

Third, unidentified variable may be producing c……

Unable to establish which variable is c…. and which is e…..

Answer 4

Just because two variables are related doesn’t mean cause-effect

Third, unidentified variable may be producing changes

Unable to establish which variable is cause and which is effect

Question 5

Distinguishing elements of an experiment

1) demonstrate the cause occurs b….. the effect (IV occurs before DV)
2) establish IV as cause of ch…. in behavior, not extraneous variables

Answer 5

1) demonstrate the cause occurs before the effect (IV occurs before DV)
2) establish IV as cause of change in behavior, not extraneous variables

Question 6

Unique elements: manipulation

Manipulation allows you to determine d………….

Helps control for e……… variables

Answer 6

Manipulation allows you to determine directionality

Helps control for extraneous variables

Question 7

Unique elements: control

• Control of e……… variables
• Goal is to eliminate a………. explanations
• Two important characteristics of a c…….

Answer 7

• Control of extraneous variables
• Goal is to eliminate alternative explanations
• Two important characteristics of a confound

Question 8

Controlling extraneous variables

• constancy of cond……
• mat…..
• disadvantages- la… intensive; limits external validity

-rand………
Advantage
Disadvantage

Answer 8

• constancy of conditions
• matching
• disadvantages- labor intensive; limits external validity

-randomization
Advantage
Disadvantage

Question 9

Control groups and manipulation checks

• e……….. group-receives Tx
• c…… group- no Tx
• no Tx control groups- receive p……

Answer 9

• experimental group-receives Tx
• control group- no Tx
• no Tx control groups- receive placebo

Question 10

Outcome and process research

• o…… research investigates the effectiveness of a Tx
• P…… research investigates the components of the Tx

Answer 10

• Outcome research investigates the effectiveness of a Tx

- Process research investigates the components of the Tx

Question 11

Manipulation checks

Directly measure whether the ?. had an effect
-ways to check:

Important in four situations

Answer 11

Directly measure whether the IV had an effect
-ways to check:

Important in four situations

Question 12

Increasing external validity

S………- creation of conditions within an experiment that mirror real life

F…. study- research in natural environment

Answer 12

Simulation- creation of conditions within an experiment that mirror real life

Field study- research in natural environment

Question 13

Cause-effect relationships

Must demonstrate that c…… in one variable are directly responsible for causing c…… in the second variable

Answer 13

Must demonstrate that changes in one variable are directly responsible for causing changes in the second variable