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Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of bone

A

osteology

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2
Q

composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments

form strong, flexible framework of the body

A

skeletal system

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3
Q

Forerunner of most bones

covers many joint surfaces of mature bone

A

Cartilage

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4
Q

holds bones together at the joints (bone to bone)

A

Ligaments

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5
Q

attach muscle to bone

A

Tendons

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6
Q

Cartilage turns to what

A

Bone

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7
Q

Holds up the body, supports muscles mandible and maxilla support teeth

A

Support

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8
Q

brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs

A

Protection

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9
Q

limb movements, breathing , action of muscle on bone

A

Movement

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10
Q

calcium and phosphate ions

calcium needs to stay closer to the same level

A

Electrolyte balance

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11
Q

buffers blood against excessive pH changes

A

Acid- base balance

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12
Q

red bone marrow is the chief producer of blood cells

A

Blood formation

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13
Q

connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals

A

Bone ( osseous tissue)

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14
Q

the hardening process of bones

A

Mineralization or calcification

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15
Q

_____ consists of bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue

A

Individual bones

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16
Q

Continually remodels itself and interacts physically with all of the other organ systems of the body
It shapes changes a little over time

A

Bones

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17
Q

Permeated with nerves and blood vessels, which attests to its sensitivity and metabolic activity

A

Bones and osseous tissue

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18
Q

Protect soft organs
curved but wide and thin
ex skull (occipital bone)

A

Flat bones

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19
Q

Longer than wide (columnar look)
Rigid levers acted upon by muscles
ex. Radius

A

Long bones

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20
Q

Equal in length and width (cube look)
Glide across one another I multiple directions
ex Carpels

A

Short bones

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21
Q

Elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories

ex Ethmoid bone

A

Irregular bone

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22
Q

Outer shell of long bone

A

Compact (dense) bone

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23
Q

Cylinder of compact bone to provide leverage

A

Diaphysis (shaft)

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24
Q

Space in the diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow

A

Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

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25
Q

enlarged end of a long bone

enlarged to strengthen joint and attach ligaments and tendons

A

Epiphysis

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26
Q

covered by more durable compact bone

skeleton 3/4 compact and 1/4 spongy by weight

A

Spongy (cancellous) bone

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27
Q

___ bone in ends of long bones, and middle of nearly all others

A

Spongy Bone

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28
Q

layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface where one bone meets another; allows joint to move more freely and relatively friction free ( Range of Motion)

A

Articular cartilage

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29
Q

minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate (reduction)

A

Nutrient foramina

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30
Q

external sheath that covers bone except where there is articular cartilage
outer fibrous layer : perforating fibers
Inner osteogeneic layer

A

Periosteum (around the bone)

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31
Q

of collegen
some outer fibers continuous with the tendons that attach muscle to bone
consist of perforating fiber

A

Outer Fibrous layer

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32
Q

other out fibers that penetrate into the bone matrix

strong attachment and continuity from muscle to tendon to bone

A

Perforating Fibers

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33
Q

of bone - forming cells

important to growth of bone and healing of fractures

A

inner osteogenic layer

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34
Q

making something

A

osteogenic

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35
Q

thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity
has cells that dissolve osseous tissue and others that deposit it

A

Endosteum

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36
Q

are of hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis
enables growth in length
Epiphyseal line

A

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

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37
Q

in adults, a bony scar that marks where growth plate used to be
after stops growing

A

Epiphyseal line

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38
Q

continue to produce cartilage

A

ossify

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39
Q

sandwich- like construction
two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle layer of spongy bone
both surfaces of flat bone covered with periosteum
Dipole

A

General Features of a Flat Bone

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40
Q

spongy layer in the cranium
absorbs shock
marrow spaces lined with endosteum
the helment

A

Diploe

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41
Q

is connective tissue that consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance

A

Bone

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42
Q

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

A

Four principal types of bone cells

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43
Q

stem cells found in endosteum, periosteum, and in central canals
creators

A

Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor)

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44
Q

FUNCTION: stem cells create new cells

LOCATION : endosteum, periosteum, central canals

A

OSteogenic cells

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45
Q

bone- forming cells
lines up as single layer of cells under endosteum and periosteum
nonmitosis (don’t replicate)
Synthesize soft organic matter of matrix which then hardens by mineral deposition
stress and fratures stimulate osteogenic cells to multiply more rapidly and increase # of osteocytes to reinforce or rebuild bone (constantly working)
secrete osteocalcin

A

Osteoblasts

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46
Q

FUNCTION: build your bones
Location: endosteum and periosteum

A

Osteoblasts

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47
Q

thought to be the structural protein of bone
stimulate insulin secretion of pancreas
Increases insulin sensitivity in adipocytes which in limit the growth of adipose tissue

A

Osteocalcin

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48
Q

former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they have deposited
Lacunae, Canaliculi, cytoplasmic processes
Some reabsorb bone matrix they have deposited
Contribute to calcium and phosphate ions
When stressed,produce biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling
maintance

A

Osteocytes

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49
Q

FUNCTION: calcium and phosphate maintain trapped(bone) former osteoblasts become trapped
Contribute to homeostasis mechanism of bone density and calcium and phosphate ions
LOCATION: anywhere in bone

A

Osteocytes

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50
Q

tiny cavities where osteocytes reside

A

Lacunae

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51
Q

Little channels that connect lacunae

A

Canaliculi

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52
Q

reach into cancliculi

A

Cytoplasmic processes

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53
Q

_____ also stimulates insulin secretion of pancreas (regulates blood sugar)

A

Skeletal system

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54
Q

Bone- dissolving cells found on the bone surface
osteoclasts develop from same bone marrow stem cells that give rise to blood cells
Different origin from rest of bone cells (from immune cells come from blood)
usually large cells formed from fusion of several stem cells ( multiple cells fusioning together)
Wreaking Ball

A

osteoclasts

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55
Q

FUNCTION: destroy cells on bone surface
LOCATION: bone surface

A

Osteoclasts

56
Q

side facing bone surface
several deep infoldings of the plasma membrane which increase surface area and resorption efficiency (break down bone faster)

A

Ruffled border

57
Q

pits on surface of bone where osteoclasts reside

A

Resorption bays (Howship lacunae)

58
Q

results from combined action of the bone- dissolving osteoclasts and the bone- depositing osteoblasts

A

Remodeling

59
Q

osteoblast osteoclast for calcium regulation

A

Constantly happening

60
Q

taking the calcium back

A

Resorption

61
Q

by dry weight, about 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter

A

Matrix of osseous tissue

62
Q

synthesized by osteoblasts

Collagen, carbohydrate- protein complexes, such as glycosaminoglycans, protecoglycans, and glycoproteiins

A

Organs matter

63
Q 
85% hydroapatite (crystalized calcium phosphate salt) to make the hard bone structure 
10% calcium carbonate
other minerals (fluoride, sodium, potassium, magnesium)
A

Inorganic matter

64
Q

combination of two basic structural materials, a ceramic and a polymer
bones combines the polymer, collagen, with the ceramic hydroxyapatite and other minerals

A

Bone is a composite

65
Q

rigid inorganic

66
Q

organic

67
Q

makes it flexible

68
Q

soft bones due to deficiency of calcium salts (lack organic)

69
Q

brittle bone disease- excessively brittle bones due to lack of protein, collagen

A

Osteogenesis imperfect

70
Q

on bone surface (opening holes)

A

Nutrient foramina

71
Q

transverse or diagonal canals

A

Perforating (Volkmann) canals

72
Q

vertical canals

A

central canals

73
Q

Ring

74
Q

spindle fiber looks

A

canaliculi

75
Q

the whole circle

76
Q

dots on outside

77
Q

sponglike appearance

A

Spongy Bone

78
Q

silvers of bone(stick out)

79
Q

thin plates of bone

A

Trabeculae

80
Q

Spicules
trabeculae
spaces filled with red and yellow bone marrow

A

Spongy bone consist of

81
Q

few osteons and no central canals
all osteocytes close to bone marrow
Provides strength with minimal weight
trabeculae develop along bones lines of stress

A

Spongy bone

82
Q

general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone and small spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone
where no osseous tissue is there

A

Bone marrow

83
Q

In nearly every bone in a child
Hemopoietic tissue
IN adults, found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur

A

Red marrow (myeloid tissue)

84
Q

produces blood cells and is composed of multiple tissues in a delicate, but intricate arrangement that is an organ to itself

A

Hemopoietic tissue

85
Q

found in adults
fatty reserve
most red marrow turns into fatty yellow marrow
no longer produces blood

A

Yellow marrow

86
Q
  1. Condense and blood
  2. osteogenic then osteoblasts build bone osteocytes
  3. Spongy bone canal blood vessels then bone
  4. Surface bone
A

Intramembranous ossification

87
Q

LOCATION: skull
mesenchyme to bone
inside out (compact comes last)
doesn’t take long

A

Intramembranous Ossification

88
Q
  1. Cartilage
  2. Primary Ossification
  3. ring bone grows in 2 directions
  4. secondary marrow cavity
  5. epiphyseal plate
  6. closed epiphyseal plate
A

Endochondral ossification

89
Q

LOCATION: everywhere else
mesenchyme to cartilage to bone
outside in
takes longer

A

Endochondral Ossification

90
Q

Bones come from

start with 3 bones

91
Q

Cartilage limited to the articular cartilage (points of contact with other bones) covering each joint surface and to the epiphyseal plate
teens to early 20s
secondary marrow cavity
no longer grow in length

A

Endochondral Ossification

92
Q

bones increase in width throughout life
deposition if new bone at the surface
osteoblasts on deep side of periosteum deposit osteoid tissue
become trapped as tissue calcifies
lay down matrix in layers parallel to surface
forms circumferential lamellae over surface
osteoclasts of endosteum enlarge marrow cavity
happens throughout life
osteoclasts eats away middle as it gets bigger

A

Appositional growth

93
Q

occurs throughout life - 18% per year repairs microfractures, releases minerals into blood reshapes bones in response to use and disuse

A

Bone remodeling

94
Q

A __ bone remains a metabolically active organ
disturbance of calcium homeostasis in skeleton disrupts function of other organ systems
especially nervous and muscular

95
Q

crystallization process in which calcium phosphate and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue
osteoblasts
Fibers become encrusted with minerals that harden the matrix

A

mineral deposition (mineralization)

96
Q

produce collagen fibers that spiral the length of the osteon

A

Osteoblasts

97
Q

Calcium and phosphate make what

collagen the calcium and phosphate crystallize

A

hydroxyapatite

98
Q

Calcium and phosphate ion concentration must reach a critical value called the______ ______ for crystal formation to occur

A

solubility product

99
Q

Most tissues have ___ to prevent this so they do not become calcified
exsist other places in body (lungs)
so you don’t get bone

A

inhibitors

100
Q

Osteoblast ____ these inhibitors and allow salts to precipitate in the bone marrow

A

neutralize

101
Q

may occur in lungs brain eyes muscles tendons or arteries
out of place bone building
calculus

A

Abnormal calcification (ectopic ossification)

102
Q

osteoclasts make what acid

A

hydrochloric acid

103
Q

calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ such as the lung

ossified mass where there isn’t supposed to be bone but there is )

104
Q

the process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood
performed by osteoclasts at the ruffled border
hydrogen pumps
chlorine ions, hydrochloric acid, acid phosphate

A

Mineral resorption

105
Q

in membrane secrete hydrogen into space between the osteoclast and bone surface

A

hydrogen pump

106
Q

follow by electrical attraction

A

Chloride ions

107
Q

dissolves bone minerals

A

Hydrochloric acid

108
Q

digests the collagen

A

Acid phosphatase

109
Q

____ and ___ are used for much more than bone structure

A

calcium and phosphate

110
Q

__ is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phosolipids, and pH buffers

111
Q

is needed in neuron communication, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and exocytosis

112
Q

are deposited in the skeleton and withdrawn when they are needed for other purposes

113
Q

structural

114
Q

About 1,100 grams ___ in adult body
99% in the skeleton
as easily exchangeable calcium ions and more stable hydroxyapatite reserve
18% of adult skeleton exchanged with blood each year

A

Calcium Homeostasis

115
Q

has a wide variety of causes, blood calcium excess
vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, thyroid tumors, underactive parathyroid, pregnancy and lactation, accidental removal of parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery

A

hypocalcemia

116
Q

Depends on a balance between dietary intake, urinary and fecal losses, and exchanges between osseous tissue

A

Calcium homeostasis

117
Q

Calcium homeostasis is regulated by what three hormones

A

Calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone

118
Q

Skin, liver, kidney, vitamin D

119
Q

A form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidney

A

Calcitriol

120
Q

Is a hormone that increases calcium levels
Increases calcium absorption by small intestine
Increase calcium resorption from the skeleton (osteoclasts)
Promotes kidney reabsorption of calcium ions, so less lost in urine
Necessary for bone deposition- need adequate calcium and phosphate
Abnormal softness of bones in children(rickets) and in adults(osteomalacia) without adequate vitamin D

A

Calcitriol

121
Q

Secreted by c cells of the thyroid gland when calcium concentration rises to high
Lowers calcium levels by
Osteoclasts inhibition: reduces osteoclasts activity
Osteoblasts stimulation: increases the number and activity of osteoblasts

A

Calcitonin

122
Q

Reduces osteoclasts activity as much as 70%

Less calcium liberated from bones

A

Osteoclasts inhibition

123
Q

Increases the number and activity of osteoblasts

Deposits calcium into the skeleton

A

Osteoblasts stimulation

124
Q

Important in children, weak effect in adults
Osteoclasts more active in children due to faster remodeling
Deficiency does not cause disease in adults
Reduces bone loss in women during pregnancy and lactation

A

Calcitonin

125
Q

Secreted by the parathyroid glands adhere to the posterior surface of thyroid gland
released with low calcium blood level
Increases calcium levels by four mechanisms

A

Parathyroid hormone

126
Q
  1. Binds to receptors on osteoclasts
    Stimulating them to secrete RANKL which radishes the osteoclasts population
  2. Promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys, less lost in urine
  3. Promotes the final step of Calcitriol synthesis in the kidneys enhancing calcium raising effect of Calcitriol
  4. Inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, inhibiting bone deposition
A

Parathyroid hormone

127
Q

Who follows calcium in everything it does?

128
Q

More life threading then high calcium levels

Makes nervous system depress

A

Hypocalcemia

129
Q

Has fewer causes and is rare
Excess vitamin D(Calcitriol), overactive parathyroid, kidney red orbs excess calcium, low calcitonin production(thyroid problems)
Makes nervous system over active

A

Hypercalcemia

130
Q

Break caused by admiral trauma to a bone

Ex falls, athletics, and military combat

A

Stress fracture

131
Q

Break in a bone weakened by other disease

Ex bone cancer or osteoporosis, usually caused by stress that would not break a healthy bone

A

Pathological fracture

132
Q

How are fractures classified with structural characteristics

A

Direction of fracture line, break in skin, multiple piece

133
Q

Straight but fractures

A

Nondisplaced

134
Q

Fractured and not straight

135
Q

Fractured in pieces that are splintered

A

Comminuted

136
Q

Fracture that is not broke all the way through the bone

A

Green stick

137
Q

Fracture where one piece of the bone goes up into the other

A

Impacted fracture

A & P (4 decks)

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