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A & P > Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

scientific study of cells

A

Cytology

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2
Q

All cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life
All organisms composed of cells and cell products
Cell division makes new cells

A

Modern cell theory

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3
Q

Bacteria: No internal membrane

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

Humans: membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

Cell membrane, DNA, Ribosomes -build proteins

A

Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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6
Q

cell that is thin and flat with nucleus creating bulge

A

squamous

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7
Q

cell that is irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides

A

Polygonal

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8
Q

cell that is starlike shape

A

Stellate

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9
Q

cell that is squarish and about as tall as is wide

A

Cuboidal

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10
Q

cell that is taller than wide

A

Columnar

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11
Q

cell that is round to oval

A

Spheroid to ovoid

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12
Q

cell that is disc-shape

A

Discoid

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13
Q

cell that is thick in middle, tapered toward the ends (football)

A

Fusiform

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14
Q

10-15 micrometers in diameter

  • egg cells
  • nerve cells
A

Human cell size

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15
Q

Barely visible to the naked eye (very long 100 micrometer diameter)

A

Egg cells

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16
Q

Longest human cell (1 meter long)

too slender to be seen with naked eye

A

Nerve cell

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17
Q

Cell growth increases volume more than surface area

A

Limitations on cell size

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18
Q

_ of a cell is proportional to square of its diameter

A

Surface area

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19
Q

_ of a cell is proportional to the cube of its diameter

A

Volume

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20
Q

If cell becomes too large, may rupture like overfilled

A

Water Balloon

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21
Q

Light microscope reveals plasma membrane nucleus \, and cytoplasm

A

Basic components of a cell

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22
Q

fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane; space everything except nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

(ability to reveal detail) of electron microscopes reveals ultrastructure

A

Resolution

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24
Q

consist of Organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol (ICF)

A

Cytoplasm

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25
Q

cell part that grows slow

A

surface area

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26
Q

cell part that grows fast

A

Volume

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27
Q

The bigger the cell gets the move divide in between

A

Surface area & Volume

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28
Q

why can’t cells get bigger

A

b/c of surface are to volume ratio

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29
Q

Surrounds cell, defines boundaries, made of proteins and lipids, composition and function can vary from one region of cell to another

A

Plasma (cell) membrane

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30
Q

Intracellular fluid (liquid0

A

ICF ; Cytosol

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31
Q

Fluid outside of the cell

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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32
Q

forms the border of the cell and many of its organelles

A

Unit (structure) membrane

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33
Q

Unit membrane at cell surface (coats all of cells), defines cell boundaries, governs interactions w/ other cells, controls passage of materials in and out of cells, Intracellular face, Extracellular face

A

Plasma Membrane

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34
Q

side that faces cytoplasm

A

Intracellular Face

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35
Q

side that faces outward

A

Extracellular face

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36
Q

oily film of lipids w/ diverse proteins embedded

A

Plasma membrane

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37
Q

_ %of molecules in plasma membrane are lipids

A

98%

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38
Q

75% of membrane lipids are _

Amphiphilic, Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic, Drift laterally from place to place , Movement keeps membrane fluid

A

Phospholipids

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39
Q

molecule arranged in bilayer

A

Amphiphilic

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40
Q

phosphate heads face water on each side of membrane

A

Hydrophobic

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41
Q

directed toward the center avoiding water

A

Hydrophobic tails

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42
Q

moves around in crowds, its what keeps it flexible

A

Phospholipids

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43
Q

20% of the membrane lipids, holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane, anchors phospholipids & give strength to cell membrane

A

Cholesterol

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44
Q

5% of the membrane lipids, Phospholipids w/ short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face, Contributes to give glycocalyx

A

Glycolipids

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45
Q

carbohydrate coating on the cell surface

A

Glycocalyx

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46
Q

sugar

A

Glycogen

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47
Q

2% of molecules in plasma membrane

50% of its weight

A

membrane proteins

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48
Q

Pass through membrane, have hydrophobic regions in contact w/ cytoplasm and extracellular fluid, have hydrophobic regions that pass back and forth through the lipid of the membrane

A

Transmembrane proteins

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49
Q

most are glycoproteins- carbohydrate chains, can drift about freely in phospholipid film, some anchored to cytoskeleton

A

Membrane Proteins

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50
Q

Adhere to one face of the membrane, usually tethered to the cytoskeleton

A

Peripheral proteins

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51
Q

Receptors, second-messenger systems, enzymes, ion channels, carriers, cell- identity makers cell- adhesion molecules

A

Functions of membrane proteins

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52
Q

Cell communication
Surface proteins on plasma membrane of target cell
Bind hormones and neurotransmitters and is normally specific for one substrate

A

Receptors

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53
Q

A channel protein that is constantly opens and allows ions to pass into and out of the cell
Gates +or - charge (sodium, calcium, mg)

A

Ion channel

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54
Q

A gated channel that opens and closes to allow ions through only at certain times

A

Gates ion channel

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55
Q

A Glycoprotein acting as a thus distinguishing the body’s own cells from foreign cells
Name tag

A

Cell-identify marker

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56
Q

(CAM) the molecule that binds one cell to another

Stick to each other

A

Cell-adhesion

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57
Q

Triggers changes within the cell that produce a second messenger in the cytoplasm
Involves transmembrane proteins and peripheral proteins :g protein
Lots of problems happen in 2 messenger system CAMP
Binds to surface of cell and sends messages

A

Second- Messenger Systems

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58
Q

Help produce second messengers (cAMP)
Break down chemical messengers and hormones whose job is done
If on surface can be channel proteins

A

Enzymes

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59
Q

Transmembrane proteins with pores that allow water & dissolved ions to pass through membranes
Some are constantly open, gated channels that response to stimuli( ligand, voltage, mechanically )
Play an important role in the timing of nerve signals and muscle contractions

A

Channel proteins

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60
Q

Ligand (chemically) , voltage, mechanically(stretch and pressure) are

A

Are regulated gates

61
Q

Family of disease that result from defects in channel proteins

A

Channels patties

62
Q

Transmembrane proteins bind to glucose, electrolytes and other membrane
These transform them across membranes

A

Carriers and pumps

63
Q

This consumes ATP in the process of transferring

It requires energy

A

Pumps

64
Q

Transfers the proteins that bind to soultes using no energy

A

Carriers

65
Q

Enables our bodies to identify which cells belong to it and which are foreign invaders
Example : glycoproteins contribute to the glcocoalyx
-carbohydrates surface coating and act like a cells “identification tag”

A

Cell- identity markers

66
Q

Adhere cells to each other and to extracellular material
Cells do not grow or survive normally unless they are mechanically linked to the extracellular material except sperm to egg and immune cell to cancer cell that requires this

A

Cell-Adhesion molecules (CAMs)

67
Q

Chemical first messenger (epinephrine) binds to a surface receptor which triggers within that produces ___ in the cytoplasm
It receptor activates G proteins

A

Second messengers

68
Q

What relays signal to adenylate Cyclades which converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)

A

G protein

69
Q

Unique fuzzy coat external to the plasma membrane
Orientation of carbohydrate chain; Carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids (unique in everyone but identical twins)
FUNCTIONS :protection, immunity to infection, defense against cancer, transplant compatibility , cell adhesion, fertilization, embryonic development

A

Glycocoalyx

70
Q

extension of membrane (1-2 micrometers) serves to increase cells surface area: specialized on absorption rate (15 - 40 times more)

A

Microvilli

71
Q

Long extensions of the cell membrane, hairlike processes (7- 10 micrometers); Single, nonmotile primary cilium found on nearly every cell (inner ear, retina, nasal cavity, and kidney)

A

Cilia

72
Q

respiratory tract, uterine tubes, ventricles of the brain, efferent ductules of test; beat in waves that move body fluids ( Power strokes followed by recovery strokes)

A

Motile Cilia

73
Q

Hereditary disease in which cells make chloride pumps, but fail to install them in the membrane

A

Cystic fibrosis

74
Q

Tail of sperm- only functional in flagellum
Whiplike structure w/ axoneme identical to cilium (much longer than cilium); snakelike movements (no power stroke or recovery stroke as in cilia)

A

Flagella

75
Q

Plasma membrane, passive transport mechanisms, active transport mechanisms, and carrier- mediated mechanisms are all

A

membrane transports

76
Q

A membrane transport that has a barrier and a gateway between the cytoplasm and ECF , Selectively permeable

A

Plasma membrane

77
Q

Under the plasma membrane, it allows some things through, and prevents other things from entering and leaving the cells

A

Selectively permeable

78
Q

A membrane transport that requires no ATP; random molecular motion of particles provides the necessary energy (filtration, diffusion, osmosis)
EXAMPLE: Popping a balloon

A

Passive transport mechanisms

79
Q

A membrane transport that consumes ATP; ___ and vesicular transport
EXAMPLE: Blowing up a balloon

A

Active transport mechanisms

80
Q

A membrane transport that uses a membrane protein to transport substances from one side of the membrane to the other (assist)

A

Carrier- mediated mechanisms

81
Q

Process in which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure ( force exerted on a membrane by water)
Passive transport, reverse osmosis, filtering out only what we need

A

Filtration

82
Q

The net movement of the particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration; due to their constant spontaneous motion: Also known as movement down the concentration gradient (concentration differs from one point to other)

A

Simple Diffusion

83
Q

Factors affecting ___ rate through a membrane: temperature (temp up= motion of particles up), molecular weight(larger are slower), steepness of concentration gradient (different up = rate up) membrane surface area ( area up= rate up) membrane permeability: amount of holes (permeability up= rate up)

A

Simple diffusion

84
Q
  • can’t get through membrane easy if +
    Diffusion through lipid bilayer: nonpolar &small (hydrophobic, lipid- soluble substances
    Diffusion through channel proteins: (need to be neutral) water and charged& big, hydrophilic solutes diffuse through channel proteins
    Cells control Permeability: by regulating # of channel proteins or by opening and closing gate
A

Simple diffusion

85
Q

Flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable to the other (Passive transport); higher -> lower, hydration spheres

A

Osmosis

86
Q

Reversible attraction of water to solute particles forms __ (water trapped to solute)

A

Hydration spheres

87
Q

Why do the water molecules move to the side with more solute ?

A

B/c it starts working on sugar and never makes it back, but water is always moving both ways

88
Q

In osmosis, its a special protein, channel proteins in plasma membrane specialized for passage of water: increase the rate of osmosis, decrease rate by removing them

A

Aquaporins

89
Q

amount of hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis

A

Osmotic Pressure

90
Q

Pressure applied to one side, overrides pressure, drives against concentration gradient; heart drives water out of capillaries by reverse osmosis - capillary filtration( pressure on water goes into other side solute left over when bottom out)

A

Reverse osmosis

91
Q

High -> low

A

Facilitated diffusion

92
Q

high <- low

A

Active transport

93
Q

Has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than intracellular fluid (ICF);high water concentration, cells absorb water, swell, and may burst (lyse)

A

Hypotonic solution

94
Q

Has a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes; low water concentration, cells lose water, shrivel(crenate)

A

hypertonic solution

95
Q

Concentration in cell and ICF are the same, cause no changes in cell volume or cell shape, normal saline

A

Isotonic solution

96
Q

Under Carrier- Mediated transport : in the plasma membrane that carry solutes from one side of the membrane to the other

A

Transport proteins

97
Q

Under Carrier- Mediated transport: as the solute concentration rises, the rate of transport rises, but only to a point- transport maximum (Tm)

A

Saturation

98
Q

Facilitated diffusion and active transport are types of what

A

Carrier- mediated transport

99
Q

Carriers only one solute at a time

A

Uniport

100
Q

Carriers two or more solutes simultaneously in same direction (cotransport)
Example: Sodium -Glucose transport

A

Symport

101
Q

Carrier two or more solutes in opposite directions (countertransport)
Example: Sodium Potassium pump which brings in potassium and removes sodium from the cell

A

Antiport

102
Q

Carriers employ two methods of transport

A

Facilitated diffusion and Active transport

103
Q

Carrier- mediated transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient
Doesn’t consume ATP

A

Facilitated Diffusion

104
Q

Carrier- mediated transport of solute through a membrane up (against) its concentration gradient
ATP energy consumed to change carrier

A

Active transport

105
Q

“Fixed anions” attract cations causing osmosis

Cell swelling stimulates the sodium potassium pump to decrease ion concentration , decrease osmolality and cell swelling

A

Regulation of Cell Volume

106
Q

Pump keeps inside more negative, outside more positive

Necessary for nerve and muscle function

A

Maintenance of a membrane potential

107
Q

Thyroid hormone increase number of Sodium- Potassium pumps
Consume ATP and produce __ as a by- product
Maintain out temperature

A

Heat Production

108
Q

3 Things that keep the cell alive

A

Maintenance of membrane potential, Heat Production, and regulating cell volume

109
Q

Processes that move large particles , fluid droplets, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles ( Endocytosis: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated endocytosis; Exocytosis)

A

Vesicular Transport

110
Q

Bubblelike enclosures of membrane

A

vesicles

111
Q

Vesicular processes that bring material into the cell (phago- and pino-)

A

Endocytosis

112
Q

A form of endocytosis: “cell eating” engulfing large particles
Pseudopods, phagosomes, macrophages

A

Phagocytosis

113
Q 
A form of endocytosis: "cell drinking" raking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell 
Pinocytic vesicle (Adjust volume)
A

Pinocytosis

114
Q

A form of endocytosis: particle bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane
Clathrin- coated vesicle

A

Receptor- mediated endocytosis

115
Q

discharging material from the cell

A

Exocytosis

116
Q

All endocytosis and exocytosis require what

A

Energy ATP : Active Transports

117
Q

Organelles, cytoskeleton, and inclusions (other particles)

All embedded in a clear gelatinous cytosol are structures of what

A

Cytoplasm

118
Q

collection of filaments and cylinders
Determines shape of cell, lends structural support, organizes its contents, directs movement of substances through the cell, and contributes to the movements of the cell as a whole : Made of Proteins
Composed of: Microfilaments, Intermediate fibers, Microtubules

A

Cytoskeletons

119
Q

Microfilaments, Intermediate fibers, Microtubules

A

Smallest -> biggest Parts of the cytoskeleton

120
Q

6nm thick, actin, forms terminal web

A

Microfilaments

121
Q

8- 10 nm, support, strength, and structure

A

Intermediate fibers

122
Q

25nm, tubulin, movement

A

micotubules

123
Q

Internal structures , carry out specialized metabolic tasks: membranous organelles, nonmembranous organelles

A

Organelles

124
Q

Nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex

A

Membranous organelles (membrane bound)

125
Q

Ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basal bodies

A

Nonmembranous organelles ( nonmembrane bound)

126
Q

largest organelle (5 micrometers in diameter)
most cells have one __
A few cell are a__ or multi__

A

Nucleus

127
Q

two unit membranes surround nucleus

Perforated by nucleus pores formed by rings of proteins

A

Nucleus envelope

128
Q

formed by rings of proteins: regulate molecular traffic through envelope, hold two unit membranes together

A

Nucleus Pores

129
Q

Plays role in regulation of the cell life cycle : House to protect the DNA (aka the office)
contains nucleoplasm :chromatin and nucleoli

A

the Nucleus

130
Q

material in nucleus contains chromatin and nucleoli

A

Nucleoplasm

131
Q

(threadlike matter) composed of DNA and protein

A

Chromatin

132
Q

one or more dark masses where ribosomes are produces

A

Nucleoli

133
Q

composed of parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes: produces the phospholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane
Ribosomes= construction workers

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rougher)

134
Q

small granules of protein and RNA: found in nucleoli, in cytosol, and o outer surfaces of rough ER, and nuclear envelope & mitochondria
Find them read blueprint builds proteins out of amino acids

A

Ribosomes

135
Q

they “ read” coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code
Function: Fill the Proteins

A

messenger RNA

136
Q

A small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on proteins and glycoprotein synthesis ( gathers and packages proteins)
Sorts them, cuts, splices some of them, adds carbohydrate moieties to some, and package the protein into membrane- bound Golgi vesicles

A

Golgi complex

137
Q

The carbohydrates the Golgi complex is synthesizing can become lysosomes, migrate to plasma membrane and fuse to it, and become secretory vesicles or later release (storage)

A

Golgi vesicles : out going supplies

138
Q

package of enzymes bound by a single unit membrane ; extremely variable in shape
FUNCTIONS: intracellular hydrolytic digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids, and other substances (come from cell, cellular structure (come from absorption and leftover cell structure), Autophagy, Autolysis

A

Lysosomes

139
Q

digest and dispose of worn out mitochondria and other organelles

A

Autophagy

140
Q

“cell suicide” some cells re meant to do a certain job and then destroy themselves

A

Autolysis

141
Q

resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are not produced by the Golgi Complex
FUNCTION: use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules ,these reactions produce hydrogen peroxide, Catalase breaks down excess peroxide to h2o and o2, neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, and drugs, and a variety of blood-borne toxins, break down fatty acids into acetyl groups for mitochondrial use in ATP synthesis , abundant liver and kidney( DETOXIFY things in Blood Stream)

A

Peroxisomes

142
Q

organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP

“Powerhouse” of the cell ; energy is extracted from organic molecules and transferred to ATP(PRODUCE ATP)

A

Mitochondria

143
Q

Mitochondrial ribosomes are more like bacterial ribosomes; Mitochondrial DNA is almost exclusively inherited through the mother ; Ancient Bacteria lots of indications they are more like bacteria then humans

A

Evolution of Mitochondrion

144
Q

Nucleus, 46 strands chromsomes, genes, size: Big, CM: Phosolipids, Ribosomes: RNA& Protein

A

Human

145
Q

circle DNA , ATP ,small: ribosomes , membrane

A

Mitochondria and bacteria

146
Q

a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each,

A

Centriole

147
Q

two centrioles lie perpendicular to each other within a small, clear area of cytoplasm : play role in cell division , cellular movement- mitosis

A

Centrosome

148
Q

each basal body of a cilium or flagellum is a single centriole oriented perpendicular to plasma membrane, basal bodies originate in centrioles organizing center : Anchors cilia& flagellum

A

Cilia and flagella formation

149
Q

Two kinds of__ : Stored cellular products for the body ; Glycogen granules, pigments, and fat droplets, Foreign bodies: Viruses, intracellular bacteria, dust particles, and other debris phagocytized by a cell
NEVER enclosed in a unit membrane
NOT essential for that cells survival

A

Inclusions

A & P (4 decks)

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