Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Social control

A

Enforcing norms through internal or external means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Internalization of norms

A

Process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality; individual conforms to society’s expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Things about social control

A

1) principle means is self-controlled
2) authority figures, police, courts, family, public opinion, etc.
3) social stability is jeopardized by behavior that violates public norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sanctions

A

Rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of sanctions

A

Positive sanctions, negative sanctions, formal sanction, and informal sanction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Positive sanctions

A

An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior

a. praise
b. good grades
c. pay raises
d. cheers from a crowd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Negative sanctions

A

Punishment or threat of punishment used to enforce conformity

a. most of the time a threat of punishment is enough
b. examples: parking ticket, frown, imprisonment, death, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Formal sanctions

A

Reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Negative formal examples

A

Low grades, suspension, fines, fired from job, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Positive formal examples

A

Diploma, promotions, awards, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Informal sanctions

A

Spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Negative informal examples

A

Frowns, gossips, insults, ridicule, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Positive informal examples

A

Standing ovation, compliments, smiles, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Deviance

A

Any behavior that violates significant social norms

  • examples: drag racing on public street, using illegal drugs, taking to oneself in public, using weapons to attack someone, etc.
  • violating norms
  • label of deviance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Violating norms (deviance)

A

a. Varies from society to society
b. Labeling someone as deviant
1) repeating an offense
2) act has serious negative consequences for society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Label of deviance

A

a. Involves two components:
1) be detected committing a deviant act
2) must be stigmatized by society
- stigma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stigma

A

Mark of social disgrace that sets them apart from the rest of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Deviance helps clarify norms, unify the group, diffuse tension and promote social change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Social functions of deviance

A

1) Emile Durkheim
2) provides jobs in various fields (lawyers, law enforcement, judges, etc.)
3) defines boundaries of acceptable behavior
4) punishment of violators serves as warning to others
5) draws line between conforming members of society and “outsiders”
6) minor deviance allows people to “vent”
7) prompts social change by identifying problem areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Strain theory (Robert k Merton)

A

Views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Facts about string theory

A

1) society places a high value on certain goals (Econ, success)
2) people don’t have equal access to achieve goal
3) anomie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anomie

A

Situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

5 modes of adaptation to achieve societal goals

A

Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreating and rebellion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Conformity

A

Accept society’s goals and means to achieve them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Innovation

A

Accept goals of society but do not accept the means for reaching these goals
-examples: drug dealers

25
Q

Ritualism

A

Abandon societal goals while continuing to observe the expected rules of behavior
-example: pass up promotion to avoid failure

26
Q

Retreatism

A

Reject cultural goals and the acceptable means of attaining them
(May drop out of society)

27
Q

Rebellion

A

Want to substitute new goals and means for the approved set

(May use violent or nonviolent methods)

28
Q

Functionalist perspective

A

a. Strain theory (Robert k Merton)

b. 5 modes of adaptation to achieve societal goals

29
Q

Conflict perspective

A

a. Competition and social inequality lead to deviance
1) people with power commit deviant acts to keep power
2) people without power commit deviant acts to get power
b. Richard quinney

30
Q

Richard quinney (conflict perspective)

A

Ruling class declares anything that threatens their power as deviant

31
Q

Interactionist perspective

A

a. Control theory
b. Cultural transmission theory
c. Labeling theory

32
Q

Control theory

A

Deviance is a natural occurrence; look at why people conform

33
Q

Things about control theory

A

1) social ties among individuals
2) individuals integrated into community will conform
3) Travis hirschi

34
Q

Travis hirschi

A
  • people develop bonds in four ways
    a) form attachment with others who accept norms
    b) strong belief in society’s moral codes
    c) show commitment to traditional societal values/goals
    d) involved in nondeviant activities (time consuming)
35
Q

Cultural transmission theory

A

Behavior is learned through interaction with others

36
Q

Things about cultural transmission theory

A
  • differential association

- all people are conformists

37
Q

Differential association

A

Frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals

38
Q

Labeling theory

A

Focuses on how individuals were identified as deviant

39
Q

Things about labeling theory

A

1) primary deviance

2) secondary deviance

40
Q

Primary deviance

A

Occasional violation of norms

41
Q

Secondary deviance

A

Deviance is a lifestyle; labeled as deviant and believes the label

42
Q

Crime

A

Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority and is prohibited by law

43
Q

Violent crime

A
  • murder, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault
  • occurs every 22 seconds in us
  • most victims are African American; for murder it is african American men 18-24
  • majority of murders committed by guns
44
Q

Property crime

A
  • involves stealing or intentionally damaging someone else’s property
  • burglary, larceny (theft other than auto), motor vehicle theft and arson
  • committed every 3 seconds in US
  • people under 25 yrs old commit a large part of the crimes
  • drug use/habits have strong correlation with crime rates
45
Q

Victimless crime

A
  • prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use and vagrancy
  • supposedly harm no one other than themselves
46
Q

White-collar crime

A
  • offenses committed by people of high social status in the course of their profession
  • misrepresentation, fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement, price-fixing, toxic pollution, insider trading and political corruption
  • costs the U.S. more than $300 billion
  • not always dealt with “equally”
47
Q

Organized crime

A
  • crime syndicate

- many have legitimate businesses that they use as a “front”

48
Q

Crime syndicate

A

Large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or legitimate business through violence or the threat of violence

49
Q

Police (hold the most immediate control)

A
  • police discretion
  • factors to consider:
    • seriousness of the offense
    • wishes of the victim taken into consideration
    • suspect’s attitude
    • make arrest if bystanders are present
    • more likely to arrest and use force against african Americans (racial profiling)
50
Q

Police discretion

A

Power to decide who is actually arrested

51
Q

Courts

A
  • role:
    - holds a trial to determine guilt
    - penalty phase
  • plea bargaining
52
Q

Plea bargaining

A

Legal negotiation that allows accused to plead guilty to a lesser charge

53
Q

Corrections

A
  • corrections
  • four basic functions:
    - retribution
    - deterrence
    - rehabilitation
    - social protection
    - recidivism
54
Q

Corrections

A

sanctions used to punish criminals

55
Q

Retribution

A

Socially acceptable act of revenge for victim and society

56
Q

Deterrence

A

Discourage offenders from committing future crimes

57
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Reform criminals so they could be law-abiding citizens

58
Q

Social protection

A

Limiting freedom of offenders protects society

59
Q

Recidivism

A

Repeated criminal behavior (remains high)

60
Q

Juvenile justice system

A
  • laws became more specific for juvenile offenders in the 1960s
  • juveniles could not be expected to be as responsible as adults
    - juveniles needed special, more considerate attention
61
Q

Organized crime

A
  • crime syndicate

- many have legitimate businesses that they use as a “front”

Sociology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions