Chapter 1 Section 2 Flashcards
Rapid social and political changes during industrial revolution
- rural economy gave way to large-scale production
- factory replaced home
- growth of cities
Factors leading to creation of sociology
a. Rapid social and political changes during industrial
b. Urban population growth
Urban population growth
- high number of unemployed
- housing shortages
- crime and pollution increased
- impersonal nature of city living
Who are the early European scholars
Auguste Comte, Harriet martineau, Herbert spencer, and Karl Marx
Auguste Comte
- founder of sociology
- applied methods of physical sciences
- looked at the causes and consequences of French Revolution
- focus areas of study: social order and social change
- social statics
- social dynamics
Social statics
Certain processes that hold society together (i.e. family, government, economics, education)
Social dynamics
Definite processes that cause societal change (war, elections, social media)
Harriet martineau
- published society in America
- reported on marriage, family, race relations, education, and religion
- set standard for objectivity
- believed scholars should change to solve the problems the studied
- spoke out in favor of women’s right, religious tolerance and end of slavery
Herbert spencer
a. Society is a set of interdependent parts that work together to maintain the system over time
b. Influenced by Charles Darwin
- social change and unrest are natural occurrences in a societies evolution toward stability and perfection
- best aspects of society would survive over time
- social Darwinism
Social Darwinism
Only the fittest societies would survive
Karl Marx
a. Society is divided into two classes
- bourgeoise
- proletariat
b. Class conflict would occur (primary cause of social change)
- poletariats would overthrow power
- would build a classless society
Bourgeoise
Capitalists (“haves”); own materials and methods of production
Proletariats
Workers (“have nots”) own labor
Who were the later European scholars
Emile Durkheim and max weber
Emile Durkheim
a. Society is a set of interdependent parts with each having a specific function
b. Function
c. Focus: function of religion in maintaining social order
* social beliefs and values
d. Should only study those things that are observable
* suicide-the first sociological study
Function
Consequence that an element of society produced for the maintenance of its social system
Max weber
a. Focus: separate groups within society
b. Look at effect of society on individual
c. Verstehen
d. Ideal type
Verstehen
Attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions (put themselves in someone else’s shoes)
Ideal type
General description of essential characteristics of a feature of society
i.e. School, government body, etc.
Who are the American scholars
Chicago school, Jane Adams, and w.e.b. Dubois
Chicago school
a. Focus: group interactions and impact of society in individual development
b. Led to interactionalist perspective
c. Study of society should include practical solutions to social problems
Jane Addams
a. Opened hull house
* offered welfare, educational and recreational services for poor
b. Hull house maps and papers
* covered wage levels, sweatshops, child labor, immigrant experience and living conditions in poverty-stricken neighborhoods
* first serious discussion about industrialization and urbanization
W.e.b. Dubois
a. African American sociologist
b. The Philadelphia negro
- life in an African American neighborhood
- first empirical (data) community study
- race was an issue that needed to be addressed in society
