Chapter 1 Section 2

Question 0

Rapid social and political changes during industrial revolution

Answer 0

• rural economy gave way to large-scale production
• factory replaced home
• growth of cities

Question 1

Factors leading to creation of sociology

Answer 1

a. Rapid social and political changes during industrial

b. Urban population growth

Question 2

Urban population growth

Answer 2

• high number of unemployed
• housing shortages
• crime and pollution increased
• impersonal nature of city living

Question 3

Who are the early European scholars

Answer 3

Auguste Comte, Harriet martineau, Herbert spencer, and Karl Marx

Question 4

Auguste Comte

Answer 4

• founder of sociology
• applied methods of physical sciences
• looked at the causes and consequences of French Revolution
• focus areas of study: social order and social change
  
  • social statics
  • social dynamics

Question 5

Social statics

Answer 5

Certain processes that hold society together (i.e. family, government, economics, education)

Question 6

Social dynamics

Answer 6

Definite processes that cause societal change (war, elections, social media)

Question 7

Harriet martineau

Answer 7

• published society in America
• reported on marriage, family, race relations, education, and religion
• set standard for objectivity
• believed scholars should change to solve the problems the studied
• spoke out in favor of women’s right, religious tolerance and end of slavery

Question 8

Herbert spencer

Answer 8

a. Society is a set of interdependent parts that work together to maintain the system over time
b. Influenced by Charles Darwin
- social change and unrest are natural occurrences in a societies evolution toward stability and perfection
- best aspects of society would survive over time
- social Darwinism

Question 9

Social Darwinism

Answer 9

Only the fittest societies would survive

Question 10

Karl Marx

Answer 10

a. Society is divided into two classes
- bourgeoise
- proletariat
b. Class conflict would occur (primary cause of social change)
- poletariats would overthrow power
- would build a classless society

Question 11

Bourgeoise

Answer 11

Capitalists (“haves”); own materials and methods of production

Question 12

Proletariats

Answer 12

Workers (“have nots”) own labor

Question 13

Who were the later European scholars

Answer 13

Emile Durkheim and max weber

Question 14

Emile Durkheim

Answer 14

a. Society is a set of interdependent parts with each having a specific function
b. Function
c. Focus: function of religion in maintaining social order
* social beliefs and values
d. Should only study those things that are observable
* suicide-the first sociological study

Question 15

Function

Answer 15

Consequence that an element of society produced for the maintenance of its social system

Question 16

Max weber

Answer 16

a. Focus: separate groups within society
b. Look at effect of society on individual
c. Verstehen
d. Ideal type

Question 17

Verstehen

Answer 17

Attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions (put themselves in someone else’s shoes)

Question 18

Ideal type

Answer 18

General description of essential characteristics of a feature of society
i.e. School, government body, etc.

Question 19

Who are the American scholars

Answer 19

Chicago school, Jane Adams, and w.e.b. Dubois

Question 20

Chicago school

Answer 20

a. Focus: group interactions and impact of society in individual development
b. Led to interactionalist perspective
c. Study of society should include practical solutions to social problems

Question 21

Jane Addams

Answer 21

a. Opened hull house
* offered welfare, educational and recreational services for poor
b. Hull house maps and papers
* covered wage levels, sweatshops, child labor, immigrant experience and living conditions in poverty-stricken neighborhoods
* first serious discussion about industrialization and urbanization

Question 22

W.e.b. Dubois

Answer 22

a. African American sociologist
b. The Philadelphia negro
- life in an African American neighborhood
- first empirical (data) community study
- race was an issue that needed to be addressed in society