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Sociology > Chapter 2 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Material culture

A

Physical objects that people create

Ex. Clothes, food

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1
Q

Culture

A

All the shared products of human groups

  • physical objects
  • beliefs
  • values
  • behaviors
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2
Q

Nonmaterial culture

A

Abstract human creations

Ex. Love, feelings, and emotions

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3
Q

Society

A

Group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity

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4
Q

Technology

A

Combination of objects and rules for using those objects

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5
Q

Symbols

A

Anything that represents something else (has shared meaning)
*can be almost anything as long as people recognize the meaning

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6
Q

Language

A

Organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system

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7
Q

Values

A

Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
*help determine the character of people and the kind of culture they create
Ex. Yanomamö tribe and San tribe

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8
Q

Yanomamö tribe

A
  • farmers along Brazil and Venezuela border
  • warfare and feats of male strength important
  • rarely had more than 200 people in tribe (normal was 500-1000)
  • conflicts caused separation and creation of new colonies
  • warfare between new settlements
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9
Q

San tribe

A
  • Southern Africa
  • life based on cooperation
  • do not trespass on land of others
  • all members search for food
  • share food among all members
  • break into smaller units when food is short; come together when food is plentiful
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10
Q

Norms

A

Shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations

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11
Q

Types of norms

A

Folkways, mores, and laws

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12
Q

Folkways

A

Norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them

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13
Q

Things to know about folkways

A
  • Failure to abide=reprimand or minor punishment
  • some nonconformity allowed because it doesn’t endanger stability
  • examples: responding hi, please, and thank you, opening doors for others, eating at the table, not eating with your fingers, table manners, etc.
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14
Q

Mores

A

Rules that have great moral significance attached to them

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15
Q

Things to know about mores

A
  • violation of rules endangers society’s well-being and stability
  • examples: appropriate attire, don’t make out in public, not flip someone off, don’t swear in public, fraudulent claims, etc.
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16
Q

Laws

A

-written rules of conduct enacted and enforced by government

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17
Q

Examples of laws

A

Murder, arson, rape, damage to property, theft, etc.

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18
Q

What do we all have in common

A

All cultures meet needs in different ways;limited only by ..
-biological makeup
-physical environment
Cultural universals

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19
Q

Cultural universals

A

Features common to all cultures that ensure their fulfillment

20
Q

George Murdock

A

Identified over 65 cultural universals; 7 categories

21
Q

George Murdock seven categories

A

a. Arts and leisure
b. Basic needs
c. Beliefs
d. Communication and education
e. Family
f. Economy
g. Technology

22
Q

Subculture

A

Group that shares values, norms and behaviors not shared by larger society

23
Q

Things to know about subculture

A

a. deviant, age, gender, ethnic, religious, political, geographical, social-class, occupational, etc.
b. society is dependent on subcultures:
1) add diversity
2) make society open to change
* Examples: homos, Hispanic cultures

24
Q

Counterculture

A

Subgroup that challenges values of society and wants to replace them with new ones
*examples: Kkk, Isis, al queda

25
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Tendency to view ones own culture and group as superior

26
Q

Things to know about ethnocentrism

A
  • functionalist perspective
  • conflict perspective
    • encourages discrimination
    • too extreme=culture can stagnate
27
Q

Functionalist perspective

A

Helps to build group unity

28
Q

Conflict perspective

A

Results in one group or society seeing others as inferior

29
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards

30
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

Spreading of cultural traits from one society to another

*examples: McDonald’s, cars, clothing, music, sports, religion, entertainment

31
Q

Cultural lag

A

Time between changes when ideas and beliefs are adapting to new material conditions
*Examples: phones, Internet, gay rights, slavery, women’s rights

32
Q

Discovery

A

Recognize new uses for existing elements

*Examples: cell phones, computers, prescription drugs, texting/sexting

33
Q

Invention

A

Create something that did not previously exist

*Examples: electricity, automobiles, tv, robots, phone, wheel

34
Q

Cultural leveling

A

Process in which cultures become more and more alike

*Examples: language, clothes, food

35
Q

Personal achievement

A

Doing well at school and at work is important. Gaining wealth and prestige is a sign of success

36
Q

Progress and material comfort

A

History is marked by ongoing progress and this progress improves people’s lives

37
Q

Work

A

Discipline, dedication and hard work are signs of virtue

38
Q

Individualism

A

Hard work, initiative and individual effort are the keys to personal achievement

39
Q

Efficiency and practicality

A

Can help solve every problem. Getting things done well in the shortest time is very important

40
Q

Morality and humanitarianism

A

Judgements should be based on a sense of right and wrong. Can also include helping those less fortunate

41
Q

Equality and democracy

A

Everyone should have an equal chance at success and the right to participate freely in government

42
Q

Freedom

A

Personal freedoms, such as freedom of religion, speech and the press, are central to the American way of life

43
Q

Other core values

A

a. Nationalism and patriotism
b. Science and rationality
c. Racial and group superiority
d. Education
e. Religion

44
Q

Self-fulfillment

A

Commitment to the full development of one’s personality, talents and potential

45
Q

Narcissism

A

Extreme self-centeredness

46
Q

Things to know about narcissism

A

a. Weakened the established values of hard work and moderation
b. Threatened the stability of the capitalist system

47
Q

What are all traditional American values

A

Personal achievement, progress and material comfort, work, individualism, efficiency and practicality, morality and humanitarianism, equality and democracy, freedom, and other core values

Sociology (8 decks)

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