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Sociology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children

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1
Q

Personality

A

Behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values that characterize an individual

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2
Q

Nature argument

A

Instinct

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3
Q

Instinct

A

Unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern

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4
Q

Nurture argument

A

Behavior is a result of social environment and learning

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5
Q

Sociobiology

A

Systematic study of biological basis of all social behavior (nature based)

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6
Q

Factors in personality development

A
  • heredity

- birth order

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7
Q

Heredity

A
  • aptitude
    • environmental factors: parent responses encourage/discourage development of aptitude
    • parental reinforcement may effect traits such as shyness, sociability and aggression
  • provides you with biological needs but culture determines how you meet those needs
  • setting limits on individuals
    • inherited characteristics limit what is possible
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8
Q

Aptitude

A

Capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a specific body of knowledge

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9
Q

Birth order

A
  • Siblings vs. only child

- firstborn: achievement oriented, responsible, conservative in thinking and defenders of the status quo

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10
Q

Later-born

A

More affectionate, more friendly, risk-takers and social and intellectual rebels

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11
Q

Common characteristics for only/firstborn children

A

Confident, perfectionist, organized, scholarly, conservative
-examples:Franklin d. Roosevelt, bill Clinton, j. K. Rowling, tiger woods

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12
Q

Common characteristics of middle children

A

Flexible, diplomatic, independent, balanced, generous

-example: John f. Kennedy, bill gates, Donald trump, princess Diana

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13
Q

Common characteristics of last-born children

A

Willing to take risks, outgoing, creative, rebellious, persistent
-examples: Ronald Raegan, Jim Carrey, Cameron Diaz, Stephen Colbert

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14
Q

Birth order

A

Common characteristics of only/firstborn children, common characteristics of middle children, then common characteristics of last-born children

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15
Q

Parental characteristics

A
  • age of parents when children are born
  • level of education
  • religious orientation
  • economic status
  • cultural heritage
  • occupational background
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16
Q

The culture environment

A
  • each culture gives rise to certain personality types (model personalities)
    • U.S.=competitiveness, assertiveness and individualism
  • gender differences in our cultures
  • subcultural differences
  • region of country or type of neighborhood
  • influence of social environment
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17
Q

Example of the IK in Northern Uganda

A 
Prior to WWII
 -hunters/gatherers 
 -one large family 
After WWII
 -insufficient food supplies
 -children thrown out at 3 years 
 -form age bands 
 -parents do not help children 
 -adult children do not help parents 
 -need to be strong and clever
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18
Q

Anna

A
  • born to an unmarried mom
  • grandfather kept her in an attic room
  • given minimal care
    • undernourished and emaciated
  • no human contact
  • at 6 years old- could not talk, walk, or feed herself
  • learned to walk, feed herself, brush her teeth and talk in simple phrases
  • died at 10 years old
19
Q

Isabelle

A
  • found at same age as anna (6)
  • kept in dark room with deaf mom
  • did not learn to speak
  • found at 6 years old- acted like an infant
  • began to speak after training
  • after two years…reached level of her peers
20
Q

Genie

A
  • discovered in 1970- 13 years old
  • confined from age of 20 months to small bedroom
  • beaten if she made noise
  • father interacted by acting like angry dog
  • did not learn to talk
  • had skills of 1 year old when found and could not stand straight
  • 8 years of training- did not progress past 3rd grade student
21
Q

Institutionalization

A
  • 1945 study by Rene Spitz (children living in an orphanage)
    • given food and medical care
    • given little human contact
    • 1/3 of children died within 2 years
    • survivors: less than 25% could walk or dress by themselves or use a spoon
    • 1 could speak in complete sentences
22
Q

Socialization

A

Interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs and behavior patterns of a society

23
Q

Self

A

Conscious awareness of possessing identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society

24
Q

John Locke

A

the tabula rasa

  • each child is born a “clean slate”
  • we are all born without a personality
  • acquire personality as a result of social experience
  • could be molded into a particular personality
25
Q

Charles Cooley

A
  • the looking-glass self
  • three step process
  • child in influenced by primary group
26
Q

The looking-glass self (def)

A
  • an interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others
  • interactionist perspective
27
Q

Three step process (the looking-glass self)

A
  • we imagine how we appear to others
  • we attempt to determine whether others view us as we view ourselves through their reactions
  • develop feelings about ourselves based on our perceptions
28
Q

George Meade

A
  • role taking
  • three step process
  • parts of self
29
Q

Role taking

A

Take on, or pretend to take on, the role of others

  • first: we internalize the expectations of people closest to us (significant others)
  • second: expectations/attitudes of society guide us more
    • generalized others
30
Q

Generalized others

A

Attitudes, expectations and viewpoints of society

31
Q

Three step process (role taking)

A
  • imitation (under 3)-don’t have a sense of self; mimic actions
  • play (ages 3-6)-play and act out roles of specific people; trying to see world through someone else’s eyes
  • organized games (over 6 or 7)-require children to take roles; anticipate the actions and expectations of others
32
Q

Parts of self

A
  • “I”-unsocialized, spontaneous and self-interested component of personality
  • “Me”-aware of expectations and attitudes of society
    • socialized self
33
Q

Erving Goffman

A
  • dramaturgy
  • impression management
  • because we are worried about impressing others, we change our self that we display
  • albas and albas study
34
Q

Dramaturgy

A

Social interaction is like a drama being performed on a stage

35
Q

Impression management

A

An effort people make to play their roles and manage the impressions that the audience receives
-because we are worried about impressing others, we change our self that we display

36
Q

Albas and albas study

A

-college students reactions to exam scores were different depending on who they were with

37
Q

Agents of socialization

A

Specific individuals, groups and institutions that enable socialization to take place

  • family
  • peer group
  • school
  • mass media
38
Q

Family

A
  • most important agent
  • socialization can be deliberate or unintended
    • unintended may have a greater impact
  • may be different from family to family
    • single parents, family relationships, subgroups they belong to, etc.
39
Q

Peer group

A
  • primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social characteristics
  • influence during pre-teen and early teen years
  • focus is the subculture of the group
40
Q

School

A
  • class activities= basic knowledge
  • extracurriculars= prepare for life in society
  • transmits cultural values
  • teachers become role models
41
Q

Mass media

A
  • instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact
  • television has the largest influence
    • negatives
      1) effect of violence-leads to more aggressive behavior
      2) presents image of society limited to white middle-class
    • positives
      1) educational tool
      2) expands the viewers world
42
Q

Resocialization

A

Break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms

  • voluntary resocialization
  • involuntary resocialization
43
Q

Voluntary resocialization

A

People who assume a new status

44
Q

Involuntary resocialization

A
  • total institution

- try to change a person’s personality and behavior (remove a person identity)

45
Q

Total institution

A

Setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a time and are subject to tight control

Sociology (8 decks)

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