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chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

the process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in behaviour or capabilities

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2
Q

What does behaviourism focus on regarding learning?

A

Focuses on how organisms learn (the laws of learning)

view organisms as “tabula rasa” (a blank state) until learning takes place

study animals in the lab

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3
Q

What does ethology focus on?

A

animal behaviour in natural environments

behaviour influences chances of survival

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4
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

when an organism experiences behaviour changes as a result of:

ASSOCIATION OF TWO STIMULI

CS-UCS prior to response CR

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5
Q

What does classical conditioning focus on?

A

ELICITED behaviour that happens in response to environment events

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6
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

behaviour changes as a result of the consequences that follow it

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7
Q

What does operant conditioning focus on?

A

EMITTED behaviours that require no specific stimulus that are modified by consequences

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8
Q

What is habituation? give an example.

A

a decrease in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus (most simple form of learning)

wearing a shirt, your body habituates it and you cease to be aware of it.

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9
Q

What is sensitization? give an example

A

an increase in the strength of the response to a repeated stimulus.

hear a rustling in bushes at night, become frightened. if the rustling continues, you become more frightened

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10
Q

What is acquisition?

A

the period during which an association is being learned.

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11
Q

What are the 4 important elements to classical conditioning?

A

UCS - unconditioned stimulus

UCR - unconditioned response

CS - conditioned stimulus (stimulus to be associated with the UCS)

CR - conditioned response (elicited by CS)

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12
Q

What are the four types of CS-UCS pairings?

A

FORWARD SHORT DELAY: (fastest)
CS appears first and is still present when UCS presented

FORWARD TRACE:
CS appears then stops before UCS is presented

SIMULTANEOUS:
CS and UCS presented at same time

BACKWARD: (learning is slowest or does not occur at all)
CS presented after UCS

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13
Q

What factors might enhance acquisition?

A
  • when forward short-delay pairing is used
  • repeated CS-UCS pairings
  • an intense UCS
  • short time interval between CS and UCS
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14
Q

What is extinction? give an example.

A

occurs when CS is presented in absence of UCS

with each exposure the CR is weakened

ex: tone presented without presenting the food. Dog will not salivate after a time

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15
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period.

ex. fear at a certain location. extinguished by repeated exposure without adverse consequences. Take a break and bring them back they may experience fear again

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16
Q

What is generalization?

A

when stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR

ex tone causes salivation. Use a different tone and salivation occurs.

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17
Q

What is discrimination?

A

when the CR occurs to one stimulus but not to another

ex. afraid of spiders. see a toy spider and not afraid of it

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18
Q

What is higher order conditioning?

A

It is when an established CS becomes established with a neutral stimulus that becomes a CS evoking the CR

ex. tone elicits salivation. Tone now paired with a black square. after a time black square will elicit salivation.

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19
Q

What can be said about higher-order conditioning when compared to classical conditioning?

A

it is much weaker and easier to extinguish

20
Q

What is exposure therapy?

A

rids the patient of phobias

therapy that exposes the patient to the feared stimulus (CS) without any UCS allowing extinction to occur

21
Q

What are the three types of exposure therapies?

A

SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION:
helped to relax, then exposed to the fear provoking stimulus

FLOODING:
immediately exposes the person to the stimulus

VR EXPOSURE:
expose to the CS virtually where the pt can feel safe

22
Q

What is aversion therapy?

A

therapy which attempts to condition a repulsion to a stimulus

ex. alcoholics taking a drug that makes them sick when they drink

23
Q

What are some other influences of classical conditioning?

A
  • attraction to other people
  • positive/negative engrained attitudes
  • anticipatory nausea and vomiting
24
Q

What is Thorndike’s law of effect?

A
  • if there is a satisfying consequence, the behaviour is more likely to occur
  • if there is an unsatisfying consequence, the behaviour is less likely to occur

based on instrumental learning

25
Q

What is instrumental learning?

A

when an organism’s behaviour is instrumental in bringing about certain outcomes

ex. a rat pushing a button to get food

26
Q

Who led the field of study on operant conditioning?

A

SKINNER:

believed operant conditioning facilitates personal adaptation

27
Q

What two types of consequences did Skinner identify in operant conditioning?

A

REINFORCEMENT:
response strengthened by outcome that follows

PUNISHMENT:
response weakened by outcome that follows

28
Q

What are the 3 kinds of events or ABCs of operant conditioning?

A

A: antecedents of behavior (stimuli that are present before behaviour)

B: behaviours that the organism emits

C: consequences that follow behaviour

if A is present
and B is emitted
then C will occur

29
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus?

A

a signal that a particular response will now produce certain consequences

ex. food is dispensed by pressing a lever only when a light is on

30
Q

What are the two types of reinforcement? give an example

A

POSITIVE reinforcement:
response occurs -> stimulus is presented -> response increases

NEGATIVE reinforcement:
response occurs -> an aversive stimulus is removed -> response increases

ex of neg, take an advil, headache goes away, increased tendency to take advil for headaches

31
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

A

PRIMARY: biological needs (food, drink)

SECONDARY: associated with primary reinforces (money)

32
Q

What is operant extinction?

A

weakening and eventual disappearance of an operant response

due to no longer reinforcing the response

33
Q

What are the two types of punishment?

A

POSITIVE punishment:
response weakened by adding a stimulus after (ex spanking)

NEGATIVE punishment:
response weakened by removal of stimulus (ex loss of privileges/money)

34
Q

Which type of punishment makes a child less likely to be aggressive later in life?

A

negative punishment

35
Q

What are the two types of gratification? Which is stronger?

A

IMMEDIATE:
stronger effect on behaviour

DELAY OF GRATIFICATION

  • involves the ability to forego immediate reward for outcome later
  • it is learned
  • individual variability
36
Q

What is shaping?

A

SHAPING: reinforce the organism when he makes an approximation towards a goal

ex. a boy is selectively mute and your goal is to get him to talk with other people. begin by reinforcing him when he says one word in front of others and gradually work up to a desired behaviour

37
Q

What is chaining?

A

CHAINING: a procedure used to develop a chain of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response.

ex. a rat learns to push a lever to get food. then a light is added and the rat will learn to only pull the lever when the light comes on. then a bell is added and the rat learns that when it bumps the bell it turns on the light allowing him to push the lever to get the food

38
Q

What are the two types of schedules of reinforcement?

A

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT:
every response is reinforced

PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT:
some responses are reinforced

39
Q

What are the 4 types of partial reinforcement schedules?

A

RATIO: certain percentage of responses are reinforced

INTERVAL: reinforcement is limited by time. ex once per minute

FIXED: after a fixed number of responses

VARIABLE: after an average number of responses or time

so can have fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval

40
Q

What are the differences in results of continuous and partial reinforcement?

A

CONTINUOUS:

  • rapid learning
  • more rapid extinction

PARTIAL:

  • slower learning
  • more resistant to extinction especially VR schedule
41
Q

Why is gambling such a difficult habit to break?

A

because it is on a variable ratio reinforcement schedule

42
Q

Explain escape and avoidance conditioning.

A

ESCAPE conditioning:
learn responses to terminate aversive stimuli
ex. putting on a coat when cold

AVOIDANCE conditioning:
learn responses to avoid aversive stimuli
ex putting on a coat before you go outside so you do not get cold

43
Q

What is the two-factor theory of avoidance?

A

it theorizes that both classical conditioning and operant conditioning in avoidance conditioning

44
Q

What are the 4 steps in the modeling process of learning?

A

attention
retention
reproduction
motivation

45
Q

Who developed the modeling process of learning?

A

bandura

46
Q

What is biological preparedness?

A

the predisposition (biologically) to learn behaviours related to survival

behaviours that are contrary to our natural tendencies are slowly learned if at all

47
Q

how is biological preparedness related to phobias?

A

most phobias develop things that have evolutionary significance like snakes, spiders, dangerous places

few phobias exist for harmful man made things like guns, knives, cars

psych 101 (7 decks)

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