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psych 101 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

our moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment

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2
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of consciousness?

A

SUBJECTIVE AND PRIVATE
others cannot directly know your reality and you cannot enter into other’s experiences

DYNAMIC
an ever-changing state

SELF-REFLECTIVE and CENTRAL TO OUR SENSE OF SELF
you are aware of your own experiences

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3
Q

What are the three ways to measure consciousness? State the benefits of each.

A

SELF-REPORT: most common. Best to see how the person subjectively feels

PHYSIOLOGICAL

BEHAVIOURAL: how they perform on tasks

both physiological and behavioural are not subjective and are therefore verifiable.

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4
Q

List and explain the 3 levels of consciousness under Freud’s model.

A

CONSCIOUS: thoughts, perceptions, other mental events we are aware of

PRECONSCIOUS: mental events outside our current awareness, but can be easily recalled under certain conditions

UNCONSCIOUS: events that cannot be brought into awareness under normal conditions.

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5
Q

What is the cognitive view of consciousness?

A

the cognitive view rejects Freud’s perspective and instead suggests that the unconscious functions as a support service to the conscious mind

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of processing under the cognitive view of consciousness?

A

CONTROLLED PROCESSEING:
conscious effort required, used for difficult/new tasks, and is slower

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING:
little conscious effort, used in routine tasks, and is faster.

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7
Q

What is one of the advantages of automatic processing? What is the downside to this?

A

it facilitates divided attention

can perform multiple tasks at the same time.

downfall: performance in the tasks decreases

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8
Q

Explain what the Stroop task is.

A

it is a list of colours written on a page.

one list is all black letters (uses one automatic process)

one list is color coordinated (uses two automatic processes and is faster)

last list is coloured in a way where the colour does not match the word. (requires controlled processes and is slower)

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9
Q

What is the emotional unconscious?

A

it is the part of the brain that unconsciously processes emotions.

ex. ever been sad and have no idea why you are sad

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10
Q

What is meant by the modular mind?

A

research shows that the brain is made up of many modules that process information separately but work together to create a whole experience

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11
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

it is a 24 hr biological cycle

ex. sleep and wakefulness, hormones

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12
Q

What is the part of the brain that regulates circadian rhythms?

A

SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI

SCN

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13
Q

Where is the SCN located?

A

in the hypothalamus

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14
Q

Where is melatonin secreted from?

A

the pineal gland

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15
Q

How many cycles per second (cps) do beta waves have?

A

15-30 cps

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16
Q

How many cycles per second (cps) do alpha waves have?

A

8-12 cps

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17
Q

When do beta waves occur?

A

when we are wakeful/alert

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18
Q

When do alpha waves occur?

A

when you begin to relax and are on your way to sleep

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19
Q

Go through the 4 stages of sleep and outline the characteristics of each.

A

STAGE 1: theta waves (3.5-7.5 cps) begin to occur. You are in light sleep and are easily awakened. Can experience body jerks. Lasts just a few minutes

STAGE 2: sleep spindles appear (1-2 sec bursts of rapid brain activity). More relaxed, HR and breathing slow, and harder to awaken.

STAGE 3: slow delta waves begin to appear (.5 to 2 cps) with large amplitudes.

STAGE 4: delta waves now dominate the pattern

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20
Q

What is the pattern of stages of sleep that you go through in the first 60-90 minutes of sleep.

A

1-2-3-4-3-2

this is the cycle that you go through between rem sleep

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21
Q

What are stages 3 and 4 of sleep collectively called?

A

slow-wave sleep

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22
Q

What type of sleep do you enter after the 90 minute cycle?

A

REM SLEEP

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23
Q

What is REM sleep and what happens during this phase?

A

It is a phase of sleep that happens at the end of the 90 minute cycle

EYE muscles become stimulated resulting in rapid movement

BODY becomes paralyzed because the brain inhibits muscle tone generation

MIND becomes highly active. Experience dreams, breathing increases, hr inc, brain activity resembles wakefulness

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24
Q

What happens to the REM sleep length as you go through the cycle multiple times?

A

it becomes longer

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25
Q

What areas of the brain contain centers that are important in regulating falling asleep?

A

the basal forebrain and brainstem

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26
Q

What area of the brain initiates REM sleep?

A

the reticular formation in the pons

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27
Q

State which brain centers undergo activity changes during REM sleep and whether they increase or decrease in activity.

A

LIMBIC system activity INC
(emotions)

VISUAL cortex INC
(image generation)

PREFRONTAL cortex DEC
(executive functions; goal setting, future planning, judgement)

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28
Q

What happens to the duration of sleep as we age?

A

Sleep less

Time in slow wave sleep (stage 3-4) declines

REM is decreases from infanthood through early childhood and then remains fairly constant

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29
Q

What are the three types of sleep deprivation?

A

SHORT-TERM: up to 45 hrs without sleep

LONG-TERM: more than 45hrs without sleep

PARTIAL: no more than 5hrs/night for one or more consecutive nights

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30
Q

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

A

MOOD negatively impacted (see great changes here. This is the primary effect)

COGNITIVE & PHYSICAL performance decline

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31
Q

What are the 3 models that attempt to explain why we sleep?

A

RESTORATION MODEL

EVOLUTIONARY/CIRCADIAN SLEEP MODELS

RESTORATION AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

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32
Q

What is the restoration sleep model?

A

theorizes that sleep:

  • recharges bodies
  • allows recovery from mental and physical fatigue

Evidence is only mildly supporting; on days when we exercise we sleep 10 minutes more

33
Q

What is the EVOLUTIONARY / CIRCADIAN MODEL?

A

theorizes that sleep is adaptive and is a mechanism for conserving energy.

34
Q

What is the RESTORATION AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY?

A

it combines evolutionary/circadian with the restoration model

35
Q

What is Insomnia?

A

CHRONIC difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep.

36
Q

What is a pseudoinsomniac?

A

a person that complains of insomnia but sleep normally when examined in a lab

they have a perception of poor sleep

37
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

episodes of extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks

cause is unknown

38
Q

What is REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD)?

A

The loss of muscle tone does not occur as it should during REM sleep

enables them to act out there dreams

RESULTING IN:
muscle movement
muscle movement
sleep talking

39
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

it may be experienced by narcoleptics

it is a sudden loss of muscle tone (resulting in paralysis) that is triggered by strong emotions

40
Q

What phase is sleep walking most likely to occur in?

A

phase 3 and 4

41
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

cycle in which breathing stops and restarts during sleep

most commonly caused by obstruction of the upper airway. Is increasing as this is affected by obesity.

42
Q

What are the causes of sleepwalking?

A

hereditary, stress, alcohol, illness, medications

43
Q

How is sleepwalking treated?

A

psychotherapy, hypnosis, drugs

children most commonly experience sleepwalking but they grow out of it.

44
Q

What is the difference between nightmares and night terrors?

A

NIGHTMARES: occur more often during REM sleep

NIGHT TERRORS: more intense and brings the sleeper to a near-panic state. more likely to occur stages 3-4

45
Q

When do we dream?

A

at all stages of sleep but most during REM

REM dreams are also more vivid and story like

46
Q

How does Freud’s psychoanalytic theory explain why we dream?

A

Theorizes that we dream because of wish fulfillment of our unconscious desires

TWO important concepts:

MANIFEST content: the surface story that the dreamer can report

LATENT content: the disguised psychological meaning

47
Q

How does Activation-Synthesis theory explain why we sleep?

A

Two components

ACTIVATION: brain stem randomly stimulates higher brain centers

SYNTHESIS: brain creates a dream to make sense of these activations. Dreams are a best fit representation.

48
Q

What are the theories that take on the cognitive approach to why we dream

A

PROBLEM SOLVING MODELS:
brain attempts to find creative solutions to our problems and conflicts

COGNITIVE PROCESS DREAM THEORIES: focus on the process of how we dream

49
Q

What is an agonistic drug?

A

a drug that increases neurotransmitter activity

50
Q

What is an antagonistic drug?

A

drugs that inhibit or decrease neurotransmitter activity

51
Q

What does tolerance refer to?

A

decrease in responsivity to a drug

52
Q

Explain what a compensatory response is. How does this relate to tolerance?

A

Your body attempts to maintain homeostasis

when you are exposed to a drug repeatedly your body develops physiological responses to counteract the effects of a drug

tolerance is a direct result of your body developing these responses

53
Q

What is withdrawal?

A

it refers to the phase where the body is continuing its compensatory responses but the person has stopped taking the drug

as a result, individuals experience strong reactions opposite to what the drug would induce

54
Q

Why is environment so important when it comes to drugs?

A

environment becomes associated with the drug through classical conditioning

body develops conditioned drug responses (compensatory responses start with exposure to the environment before the drug is even in your system)

as a result, People are much more vulnerable to relapse in the same environment they did drugs in and people are more likely to overdose in unfamiliar settings

55
Q

What do depressants do?

A

Decrease nervous system activity

moderate doses: reduce feelings of anxiety and produce euphoria

high doses: slow vital life processes and can be fatal

56
Q

What type of drug is alcohol and what neurotransmitter does it effect

A

AGONIST: increases the activity of GABA (an inhibitory neurotransmitter)

57
Q

What are the two phases of reactions experienced under the influence of alcohol?

A

INITIAL “UPPER” PHASE: as it begins to inhibit brain activity, the inhibitory centers of the brain become impaired and we lose our inhibitions

“DOWNER” PHASE: brain activity becomes suppressed further resulting is depression

58
Q

What is alcohol myopia?

A

shortsightedness in thinking when drunk

leads to risky behaviour

59
Q

What do barbiturates and tranquilizers do?

A

depress the nervous system by increasing activity of GABA

ex. sleeping pills and anti-anxiety drugs

HIGHLY ADDICTIVE

60
Q

What is a stimulant?

A

a drug that increases neural firing and arouse the nervous system

inc BP, HR, respiration, and alertness

61
Q

What is an amphetamine?

A

it is a stimulant drug that:
increases dopamine and norepinephrine activity

can create schizophrenia-like hallucinations and delusions called AMPHETAMINE PSYCHOSIS

62
Q

what does ecstasy (MDMA) do and how does it do it?

A

produces feelings of pleasure, elation, empathy, and warmth

does so by RELEASING SEROTONIN and by interfering with SEROTONIN REUPTAKE

very addictive but only moderate physiological withdrawal

63
Q

How does cocaine affect the brain?

A

increases activity of norepinephrine and dopamine by blocking reuptake

64
Q

What are some of the risks of cocaine?

A

risk of cognitive impairment/brain damage

65
Q

What is crack cocaine?

A

a chemically converted form of cocaine that acts much faster and more intensely

66
Q

What are some examples of opiates?

A

morphine, codeine, and heroin

67
Q

What are opiates and what do they do?

A

drugs made from the opium poppy

bind to receptors activated by endorphins resulting in:

  • pain relief
  • cause mood changes including euphoria

highly addictive and traumatic withdrawal: 25% of users become addicted

68
Q

What are hallucinogens? what do they do?

A

powerful mind altering drugs that produce hallucinations

distort or intensify sensory experience

ex LSD

69
Q

What does LSD do in the brain?

A

inhibits serotnin

70
Q

How does marijuana affect the brain?

A

increase GABA and dopamine activity

71
Q

What are the three misconceptions about marijuana?

A

1) Users become unmotivated and apathetic (called amotivational syndrome)
2) Users start using more dangerous drugs
3) That there are no significant dangers with use

72
Q

What areas of the brain experience changes in activity during meditation?

A

FRONTAL cortex

PARIETAL cortex

CINGULATE cortex

73
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

a state of heightened suggestibility

74
Q

What is hypnotic induction?

A

the process by which the hypnotist leads a person into hypnosis

75
Q

What does hypnosis do?

A

increases pain tolerance

cannot conclusively say it enhances memory

76
Q

what are the two hypnosis theories?

A

DISSOCIATION THEORIES

SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES

77
Q

explain dissociations theories’ take on hypnosis.

A

Hypnosis involves a division of consciousness

person simultaneously experience two streams of consciousness:

1) one stream responds to suggestions
2) other stream monitors behaviour but remains in the back ground (hidden observer)

78
Q

Explain social cognitive theories’ take on hypnosis.

A

Hypnotic experiences are a result of peoples expectations

person is not faking, but is absorbed in the role of being hypnotized

psych 101 (7 decks)

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