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Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

our moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment

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2
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of consciousness?

A

SUBJECTIVE AND PRIVATE
others cannot directly know your reality and you cannot enter into other’s experiences

DYNAMIC
an ever-changing state

SELF-REFLECTIVE and CENTRAL TO OUR SENSE OF SELF
you are aware of your own experiences

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3
Q

What are the three ways to measure consciousness? State the benefits of each.

A

SELF-REPORT: most common. Best to see how the person subjectively feels

PHYSIOLOGICAL

BEHAVIOURAL: how they perform on tasks

both physiological and behavioural are not subjective and are therefore verifiable.

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4
Q

List and explain the 3 levels of consciousness under Freud’s model.

A

CONSCIOUS: thoughts, perceptions, other mental events we are aware of

PRECONSCIOUS: mental events outside our current awareness, but can be easily recalled under certain conditions

UNCONSCIOUS: events that cannot be brought into awareness under normal conditions.

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5
Q

What is the cognitive view of consciousness?

A

the cognitive view rejects Freud’s perspective and instead suggests that the unconscious functions as a support service to the conscious mind

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of processing under the cognitive view of consciousness?

A

CONTROLLED PROCESSEING:
conscious effort required, used for difficult/new tasks, and is slower

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING:
little conscious effort, used in routine tasks, and is faster.

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7
Q

What is one of the advantages of automatic processing? What is the downside to this?

A

it facilitates divided attention

can perform multiple tasks at the same time.

downfall: performance in the tasks decreases

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8
Q

Explain what the Stroop task is.

A

it is a list of colours written on a page.

one list is all black letters (uses one automatic process)

one list is color coordinated (uses two automatic processes and is faster)

last list is coloured in a way where the colour does not match the word. (requires controlled processes and is slower)

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9
Q

What is the emotional unconscious?

A

it is the part of the brain that unconsciously processes emotions.

ex. ever been sad and have no idea why you are sad

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10
Q

What is meant by the modular mind?

A

research shows that the brain is made up of many modules that process information separately but work together to create a whole experience

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11
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

it is a 24 hr biological cycle

ex. sleep and wakefulness, hormones

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12
Q

What is the part of the brain that regulates circadian rhythms?

A

SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI

SCN

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13
Q

Where is the SCN located?

A

in the hypothalamus

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14
Q

Where is melatonin secreted from?

A

the pineal gland

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15
Q

How many cycles per second (cps) do beta waves have?

A

15-30 cps

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16
Q

How many cycles per second (cps) do alpha waves have?

A

8-12 cps

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17
Q

When do beta waves occur?

A

when we are wakeful/alert

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18
Q

When do alpha waves occur?

A

when you begin to relax and are on your way to sleep

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19
Q

Go through the 4 stages of sleep and outline the characteristics of each.

A

STAGE 1: theta waves (3.5-7.5 cps) begin to occur. You are in light sleep and are easily awakened. Can experience body jerks. Lasts just a few minutes

STAGE 2: sleep spindles appear (1-2 sec bursts of rapid brain activity). More relaxed, HR and breathing slow, and harder to awaken.

STAGE 3: slow delta waves begin to appear (.5 to 2 cps) with large amplitudes.

STAGE 4: delta waves now dominate the pattern

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20
Q

What is the pattern of stages of sleep that you go through in the first 60-90 minutes of sleep.

A

1-2-3-4-3-2

this is the cycle that you go through between rem sleep

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21
Q

What are stages 3 and 4 of sleep collectively called?

A

slow-wave sleep

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22
Q

What type of sleep do you enter after the 90 minute cycle?

A

REM SLEEP

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23
Q

What is REM sleep and what happens during this phase?

A

It is a phase of sleep that happens at the end of the 90 minute cycle

EYE muscles become stimulated resulting in rapid movement

BODY becomes paralyzed because the brain inhibits muscle tone generation

MIND becomes highly active. Experience dreams, breathing increases, hr inc, brain activity resembles wakefulness

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24
Q

What happens to the REM sleep length as you go through the cycle multiple times?

A

it becomes longer

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25
What areas of the brain contain centers that are important in regulating falling asleep?
the basal forebrain and brainstem
26
What area of the brain initiates REM sleep?
the reticular formation in the pons
27
State which brain centers undergo activity changes during REM sleep and whether they increase or decrease in activity.
LIMBIC system activity INC (emotions) VISUAL cortex INC (image generation) PREFRONTAL cortex DEC (executive functions; goal setting, future planning, judgement)
28
What happens to the duration of sleep as we age?
Sleep less Time in slow wave sleep (stage 3-4) declines REM is decreases from infanthood through early childhood and then remains fairly constant
29
What are the three types of sleep deprivation?
SHORT-TERM: up to 45 hrs without sleep LONG-TERM: more than 45hrs without sleep PARTIAL: no more than 5hrs/night for one or more consecutive nights
30
What are the effects of sleep deprivation?
MOOD negatively impacted (see great changes here. This is the primary effect) COGNITIVE & PHYSICAL performance decline
31
What are the 3 models that attempt to explain why we sleep?
RESTORATION MODEL EVOLUTIONARY/CIRCADIAN SLEEP MODELS RESTORATION AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
32
What is the restoration sleep model?
theorizes that sleep: - recharges bodies - allows recovery from mental and physical fatigue Evidence is only mildly supporting; on days when we exercise we sleep 10 minutes more
33
What is the EVOLUTIONARY / CIRCADIAN MODEL?
theorizes that sleep is adaptive and is a mechanism for conserving energy.
34
What is the RESTORATION AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY?
it combines evolutionary/circadian with the restoration model
35
What is Insomnia?
CHRONIC difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep.
36
What is a pseudoinsomniac?
a person that complains of insomnia but sleep normally when examined in a lab they have a perception of poor sleep
37
What is narcolepsy?
episodes of extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks cause is unknown
38
What is REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD)?
The loss of muscle tone does not occur as it should during REM sleep enables them to act out there dreams RESULTING IN: muscle movement muscle movement sleep talking
39
What is cataplexy?
it may be experienced by narcoleptics it is a sudden loss of muscle tone (resulting in paralysis) that is triggered by strong emotions
40
What phase is sleep walking most likely to occur in?
phase 3 and 4
41
What is sleep apnea?
cycle in which breathing stops and restarts during sleep most commonly caused by obstruction of the upper airway. Is increasing as this is affected by obesity.
42
What are the causes of sleepwalking?
hereditary, stress, alcohol, illness, medications
43
How is sleepwalking treated?
psychotherapy, hypnosis, drugs children most commonly experience sleepwalking but they grow out of it.
44
What is the difference between nightmares and night terrors?
NIGHTMARES: occur more often during REM sleep NIGHT TERRORS: more intense and brings the sleeper to a near-panic state. more likely to occur stages 3-4
45
When do we dream?
at all stages of sleep but most during REM REM dreams are also more vivid and story like
46
How does Freud's psychoanalytic theory explain why we dream?
Theorizes that we dream because of wish fulfillment of our unconscious desires TWO important concepts: MANIFEST content: the surface story that the dreamer can report LATENT content: the disguised psychological meaning
47
How does Activation-Synthesis theory explain why we sleep?
Two components ACTIVATION: brain stem randomly stimulates higher brain centers SYNTHESIS: brain creates a dream to make sense of these activations. Dreams are a best fit representation.
48
What are the theories that take on the cognitive approach to why we dream
PROBLEM SOLVING MODELS: brain attempts to find creative solutions to our problems and conflicts COGNITIVE PROCESS DREAM THEORIES: focus on the process of how we dream
49
What is an agonistic drug?
a drug that increases neurotransmitter activity
50
What is an antagonistic drug?
drugs that inhibit or decrease neurotransmitter activity
51
What does tolerance refer to?
decrease in responsivity to a drug
52
Explain what a compensatory response is. How does this relate to tolerance?
Your body attempts to maintain homeostasis when you are exposed to a drug repeatedly your body develops physiological responses to counteract the effects of a drug tolerance is a direct result of your body developing these responses
53
What is withdrawal?
it refers to the phase where the body is continuing its compensatory responses but the person has stopped taking the drug as a result, individuals experience strong reactions opposite to what the drug would induce
54
Why is environment so important when it comes to drugs?
environment becomes associated with the drug through classical conditioning body develops conditioned drug responses (compensatory responses start with exposure to the environment before the drug is even in your system) as a result, People are much more vulnerable to relapse in the same environment they did drugs in and people are more likely to overdose in unfamiliar settings
55
What do depressants do?
Decrease nervous system activity moderate doses: reduce feelings of anxiety and produce euphoria high doses: slow vital life processes and can be fatal
56
What type of drug is alcohol and what neurotransmitter does it effect
AGONIST: increases the activity of GABA (an inhibitory neurotransmitter)
57
What are the two phases of reactions experienced under the influence of alcohol?
INITIAL "UPPER" PHASE: as it begins to inhibit brain activity, the inhibitory centers of the brain become impaired and we lose our inhibitions "DOWNER" PHASE: brain activity becomes suppressed further resulting is depression
58
What is alcohol myopia?
shortsightedness in thinking when drunk leads to risky behaviour
59
What do barbiturates and tranquilizers do?
depress the nervous system by increasing activity of GABA ex. sleeping pills and anti-anxiety drugs HIGHLY ADDICTIVE
60
What is a stimulant?
a drug that increases neural firing and arouse the nervous system inc BP, HR, respiration, and alertness
61
What is an amphetamine?
it is a stimulant drug that: increases dopamine and norepinephrine activity can create schizophrenia-like hallucinations and delusions called AMPHETAMINE PSYCHOSIS
62
what does ecstasy (MDMA) do and how does it do it?
produces feelings of pleasure, elation, empathy, and warmth does so by RELEASING SEROTONIN and by interfering with SEROTONIN REUPTAKE very addictive but only moderate physiological withdrawal
63
How does cocaine affect the brain?
increases activity of norepinephrine and dopamine by blocking reuptake
64
What are some of the risks of cocaine?
risk of cognitive impairment/brain damage
65
What is crack cocaine?
a chemically converted form of cocaine that acts much faster and more intensely
66
What are some examples of opiates?
morphine, codeine, and heroin
67
What are opiates and what do they do?
drugs made from the opium poppy bind to receptors activated by endorphins resulting in: - pain relief - cause mood changes including euphoria highly addictive and traumatic withdrawal: 25% of users become addicted
68
What are hallucinogens? what do they do?
powerful mind altering drugs that produce hallucinations distort or intensify sensory experience ex LSD
69
What does LSD do in the brain?
inhibits serotnin
70
How does marijuana affect the brain?
increase GABA and dopamine activity
71
What are the three misconceptions about marijuana?
1) Users become unmotivated and apathetic (called amotivational syndrome) 2) Users start using more dangerous drugs 3) That there are no significant dangers with use
72
What areas of the brain experience changes in activity during meditation?
FRONTAL cortex PARIETAL cortex CINGULATE cortex
73
What is hypnosis?
a state of heightened suggestibility
74
What is hypnotic induction?
the process by which the hypnotist leads a person into hypnosis
75
What does hypnosis do?
increases pain tolerance cannot conclusively say it enhances memory
76
what are the two hypnosis theories?
DISSOCIATION THEORIES SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES
77
explain dissociations theories' take on hypnosis.
Hypnosis involves a division of consciousness person simultaneously experience two streams of consciousness: 1) one stream responds to suggestions 2) other stream monitors behaviour but remains in the back ground (hidden observer)
78
Explain social cognitive theories' take on hypnosis.
Hypnotic experiences are a result of peoples expectations person is not faking, but is absorbed in the role of being hypnotized

psych 101 (7 decks)

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