Chapter 7 Flashcards
period of initial learning in classical conditioning
a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
acquisition
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
associative learning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behaviour and then gets paired or associated with the behaviour
classical conditioning
mental picture of the layout of the environment
cognitive map
response caused by the conditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus (CS)
rewarding a behaviour every time it occurs
continuous reinforcement
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
extinction
a type of classical conditioning that elicits a fear response
fear conditioning
behaviour is rewarded after a set amount of time
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
set number of responses must occur before a behaviour is rewarded
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
higher-order conditioning (also, second-order conditioning)
the sudden understanding of a solution to a problem
insight
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behaviour; thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans
instinct
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
latent learning
behaviour that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviours that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
law of effect
change in behaviour or knowledge that is the result of experience
learning
person who performs a behaviour that serves as an example (in observational learning)
model
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behaviour
negative punishment
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behaviour
negative reinforcement
stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
neutral stimulus (NS)
type of learning that occurs by watching others
observational learning
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behaviour is demonstrated
operant conditioning
rewarding behaviour only some of the time
partial reinforcement
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behaviour
positive punishment
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behaviour
positive reinforcement
has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)
primary reinforcer
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behaviour
punishment
staunch form of behaviourism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations
radical behaviourism
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
reflex
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behaviour
reinforcement
has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)
secondary reinforcer
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behaviour
shaping
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
stimulus discrimination
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
natural (unlearned) behaviour to a given stimulus
unconditioned response (UCR)
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
unconditioned stimulus (US)
behaviour is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed
variable interval reinforcement schedule
number of responses differ before a behaviour is rewarded
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behaviour
vicarious punishment
process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behaviour
vicarious reinforcement
