Chapter 7 Flashcards
4 categories of cognitively-based springs to action
Goals
Mindsets
Personal control
Self
3 part experience of amotivation
Lack of competence
Lack of autonomy
Lack of relatedness
Plans: The TOTE unit
See slides
Plans: Discrepancy model
Present state <—-> ideal state
Present state
Represents the person’s current status of how life is going
Ideal state
Represents how the person wishes life was going
How is a discrepancy exposed?
When the present state falls short of the hoped-for ideal state, a discrepancy is exposed
What has motivational properties?
It is the discrepancy, rather than the ideal state per se, that has motivational properties
What does discrepancy create?
The sense of wanting to change the present state so that it will move closer and closer toward the ideal state
Discrepancy, emotions, and feelings diagram
See slides
2 types of discrepancy
Discrepancy reduction
Discrepancy creation
What type is discrepancy reduction?
Reactive type
Discrepancy reduction
Based on the discrepancy-detecting feedback that underlies plans and corrective motion
What type is discrepancy creation?
Based on a “feed-forward” system in which the person looks forward and proactively sets a future, higher goal
What does discrepancy reduction correspond to?
Plan-based corrective mechanism
What does discrepancy creation correspond to?
Goal-setting motivation
3 definitions of a goal
Whatever an individual is striving to accomplish
A desired end-state that guides behaviour
A future-focused cognitive representation of a desired end-state that guides behaviour
Purpose of goal mechanisms
To explain the extent to which the goal does or does not translate into performance gains
3 goal mechanisms
Goal difficulty
Goal specificity
Goal congruence
Goal difficulty
How hard the goal is to accomplish
Goal specificity
How clearly the goal informs the person precisely what they are to do
Name 2 things that happens when someone sets a goal and it is difficult?
Energizes behaviour
Sustains behaviour
Name 3 things that happens when someone sets a goal that is concordant
Energizes behaviour
Sustains behaviour
Directs behaviour
Name 1 thing that happens when someone sets a goal that is specific
Directs behaviour
Explain how goal setting energizes behaviour
Increases effort, person works harder
Explain how goal setting sustains behaviour
Increases persistence, person works longer
Explain how goal setting directs behaviour
Increases attention, person works with focus
Increases planning, person works smarter
What does feedback document?
The performer’s progress towards goal attainment
What happens when a person does not receive adequate feedback?
Goal abandonment is likely
The fundamental importance of feedback or knowledge of results
Feedback defines performance
Instructive to future goal setting efforts
Feedback acts as a reinforcer or punisher
What kind of activities do not require goals?
Inherently motivating ones in the short–term
Problems with long-term goals (LTG)
With LTGs, there is a prolonged period of time in which performance goes unreinforced. Therefore, goal commitment can be expected to decrease
LTGs don’t provide/generate immediate performance feedback
How to address problems with LTGs
When is the solution especially necessary?
Performer may benefit by translating a LTG into a series of short-term goals
If the LTG is a relatively uninteresting task to perform
Name 6 dangers and pitfalls in goal-setting
Increased stress
Possibility for failure
Non-goal areas ignored
Short-range thinking
Cheating
Undermines intrinsic motivation
Origins of a goal
Events that explain from where our goals come from
