Chapter 1 Flashcards
Motivation
Any internal process that gives behaviour its energy, direction, and persistence
Name 3 aspects of internal processes implicated in motivation
Need
Cognition
Emotion
Energy
Behaviour has strength.
It is strong, intense, and hardy/resilient
Direction
Behaviour has purpose.
It is aimed or guided toward achieving some particular goal or outcome
Persistence
Behaviour has endurance.
It sustains itself over time and across situations
Need
Conditions within the individual whose satisfactions are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and well-being
3 examples of biological needs
Hunger
Thirst
Sleep
3 examples of psychological needs
Autonomy
Competence
Relatedness
Cognition
Mental events that arise out of the person’s way of thinking
Are cognitions from abstract brain structures or physical brain structures?
Physical brain structures
Give examples of cognition
Beliefs
Expectations
Goals
Plans
Attributions
Mindsets
Self-concept
Emotion
Complex but coordinated feeling-arousal-purposive-expressive reactions to the significant events in our lives
Feeling
What you say you feel
Arousal
Body’s response
Purposive
Motivational urge to accomplish something in that moment
Expressive
Non-verbal, communicative
2 reasons to study motivation and emotion
Interesting topic
Important topic
Why is motivation and emotion an interesting topic?
What do we want?
Why do we want it?
What do others want?
Why do they want it?
Why is motivation and emotion an important topic?
How can we motivate ourselves?
How can we motivate others?
What benefit do you gain from studying motivation and emotion?
Theoretical understanding
Practical know-how
Define motivational science in terms of its 2 parts
Motivation: The study of all those internal processes that energize, direct, and sustain behaviour
Science: Answers to motivational questions require objective, data-based, empirical evidence gained from well-conducted and peer-reviewed research findings
Name 2 criteria of a good theory
Made from lots of data
Can make a prediction why someone behaves a certain way
Specific questions that constitute the core problems to be solved in motivation study
Why does behaviour start?
Once begun, why is behaviour sustained over time?
Why is behaviour directed toward some goals yet away from others?
Why does behaviour change its direction?
Why does behaviour vary in its intensity?
Why does behaviour stop?
5 expressions of motivation
Behaviour
Engagement
Psycho-physiology
Brain activations
Self-report
7 behavioural expressions
Effort
Persistence
Latency
Choice
Probability of response
Facial expressions
Bodily gestures
Name the 3 related aspects of engagement
Behaviour
Cognition
Agency
Behaviour as an aspect of engagement
Being on-task
Showing up
Exerting effect
Persisting in the face of challenge and difficulty
Cognition as an aspect of engagement
Concentrating
Using sophisticated learning strategies
Self-regulating (e.g., planning)
Seeking conceptual understanding rather than surface knowledge
Agency as an aspect of engagement
Showing initiative
Speaking up (e.g., asking questions)
Expressing interests and preferences
Personalizing the surrounding environment
Physiological activity
Hormonal activity
Cardiovascular activity
Ocular activity
Electrodermal activity
Skeletal activity
Hormonal activity
Chemicals in saliva or blood, such as cortisol (stress) or catecholamines (fight-or-flight reaction)
Cardiovascular activity
Contraction and relaxation of the heart and blood vessels (as in response to attractive incentives, difficult/challenging tasks)
Ocular activity
Eye behaviour - pupil size (extent of mental activity), eye blinks (changing cognitive states), eye movements (reflective thought)
Electrodermal activity
Electrical changes on the surface of the skin (as in response to a significant or threatening event)
Skeletal activity
Activity of the musculature, as with facial expressions (specific emotion) and bodily gestures (desire to leave)
10 themes in the study of motivation
Motivation and emotion enable effective functioning
Motivation and emotion are “intervening variables”
Types of motivation exist
Motivation study reveals human nature (what people want)
We are not always consciously aware of the motivational basis of our behaviour
Motivational and emotional states are dynamic and often reciprocally related to the events that cause them
To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions
Some motivational strategies work better than others
Needs, emotions, cognitions, and well-being interrelate
There is nothing so practical as a good theory
What kinds of variables are motivation and emotion?
Intervening variables
In what two primary ways does motivation vary?
Quantity: How much motivation?
Quality: What type of motivation?
2 types of motives that are related to the cortical brain
Examples?
Explicit motives and conscious motives
Goals, values, self
2 types of motives that are related to subcortical brain
Implicit motives and unconscious motives
Hunger, anger, mood
When happens when motives originate in the subcortical brain?
We are not aware of the origin of a need, cognition, or emotion
