Chapter 5 Flashcards
Psychological need
An inherent source of motivation that generates the desire to interact with the environment so to advance personal growth, social development, and psychological well-being
3 psychological needs
Autonomy
Competence
Relatedness
2 assumptions of the organismic approach to motivation
People are inherently active - always in active exchange with their environment
People need supportive, rather than hostile, environments
Why are people always in active exchange with their environment?
Because the environments offer the organism what it needs to be well, to grow, and to actualize its potential
What does need satisfaction lead to?
Growth and adaptive functioning
What does need frustration lead to?
Defense and maladaptive functioning
Explain the dual process model
Supportive relationships and social contexts, which lead to need satisfaction, which leads to adaptive functioning, growth, well-being
Thwartive relationships and social contexts, which lead to need frustration, which leads to maladaptive functioning, defensiveness, ill-being
Autonomy
The psychological need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one’s behaviour
When are motivation and behaviour autonomous?
When they originate within our own personal interests, wants, goals, values, preferences
When our interests and preferences guide our decision-making process for engagement in activities
Explain how not all choices promote autonomy
“Either-or” choice offerings
Choice among options offered by others
What do meaningful choice that reflects people’s values & interests enhance?
A sense of need-satisfying autonomy
Intrinsic motivation, effort, creativity, preference for challenge, and performance
Name 3 motivating styles
Autonomy support
Neutral
Controlling
Explain the motivational style of autonomy support
An interpersonal tone of understanding
I am your ally
I am here to understand you
I am here to support you and your strivings
Explain the motivational style of controlling
The interpersonal tone of pressure
I am your boss
I am here to monitor you
I am here to change and to socialize you
3 core aspects of an autonomy-supportive motivating style
Perspective taking
Support interest and intrinsic motivation
Support value and internalization
Perspective taking
Seeing the situation as if you were the other person
The starting point to an autonomy-supportive motivating style
Support interest and intrinsic motivation
Encourage the pursuit of personal interests and goals
Present activities in need-satisfying ways
Support value and internalization
Provide explanatory rationales
Acknowledge and accept negative feelings
Rely on invitational language
2 core aspects of a controlling motivational style
Prescribe what the other person should think, feel, and do
Apply pressuring until the other person complies to what they are told to think, feel, or do
Prescribe what the other person should think, feel, and do
Utter directives and commands
Introduce incentives, rewards, bribes, and threats of punishment (extrinsic)
Apply pressuring until the other person complies to what they are told to think, feel, or do
Generate pressure via extrinsic motivation
Generate pressure via introjected regulation (guilt, shame)
Use pressuring language to push for compliance
Counter and try to change (or “fix”) negative feelings
Instead of trying to motivate with this controlling behaviour, consider this alternative autonomy-supportive substitute behaviour: take only your own perspective
Take the other person’s perspective
Instead of trying to motivate with this controlling behaviour, consider this alternative autonomy-supportive substitute behaviour: Introduce extrinsic incentives
Invite the other to pursue a personal interest
Instead of trying to motivate with this controlling behaviour, consider this alternative autonomy-supportive substitute behaviour: Utter directives without explanations
Provide explanatory rationales for requests
Instead of trying to motivate with this controlling behaviour, consider this alternative autonomy-supportive substitute behaviour: Encourage the pursuit of extrinsic goals
Encourage the pursuit of intrinsic goals
Instead of trying to motivate with this controlling behaviour, consider this alternative autonomy-supportive substitute behaviour: Induce guilt, shame, and self-worth concerns
Support valuing and volitional internalization
Instead of trying to motivate with this controlling behaviour, consider this alternative autonomy-supportive substitute behaviour: Counter and try to change negative feelings
Acknowledge and accept negative feelings
Relatedness
Psychological need to establish close emotional bonds and attachments with other people
Desire to be socially and emotionally connected to and interpersonally involved in warm, caring relationships
Essence of relatedness
Reflects the desire to be emotionally connected to and interpersonally involved in warm relationships
What does relatedness satisfaction occur with?
Feelings of warmth, closeness, and benevolence
What did the paper on relatedness by Brown and Leite (2021) examine?
How social and organizational connectedness influence employee well-being during remote work
What did the paper on relatedness by Brown and Leite (2021) highlight?
The role of workplace relationships in maintaining motivation and mental health
What did the paper on relatedness by Brown and Leite (2021) investigate?
The psychological challenges of remote work and how connectedness mitigates them
What did the paper on relatedness by Brown and Leite (2021) align with?
Self-determination theory by demonstrating how workplace connectedness fulfills the relatedness need
What did the paper on relatedness by Brown and Leite (2021) find?
Employees with strong social bonds are more intrinsically motivated and engaged in work
Organizations that foster connectedness improve employee retention and satisfaction
What did the paper on relatedness and autonomy by Kluwer et al., 2019 find?
Individuals experience greater well-being when both autonomy and relatedness are supported
Relationships that foster autonomy (e.g., supporting a partner’s choices) enhance intimacy and mutual fulfillment
What did the paper on relatedness and autonomy by Kluwer et al., 2019 find about high need satisfaction in one partner?
Predicts greater satisfaction in the other, showing a reciprocal effect
What did the paper on relatedness and autonomy by Kluwer et al., 2019 align with?
Self-determination theory by showing that autonomy and relatedness are not competing but mutually reinforcing
What did the paper on relatedness and autonomy by Kluwer et al., 2019 find that autonomy-supportive relationships promote?
Self-determined behaviours and motivation in various life domains (e.g., work, education, personal goals)
Competence
A psychological need to seek out optimal challenges, take them on, and exert persistent effort and strategic thinking to make progress, attain mastery, and improve one’s capacity to interact effectively with our surroundings
Generates a willingness to seek out optimal challenges
Children and the construct of competence
Why children might act out if they are being challenged too much or not enough
They require challenge, but not an impossible activity
The essence of challenge
Can you do it?
Can you cope successfully?
Can you handle whatever it is the environment is asking or requiring you to do?
The essence of optimal challenge
Can you do a little better than you have done in the past?
Given your developmental stage in relation to this task, can you improve? Can you do better? Can you grow and develop your skill further?
When people first begin an activity, they wonder:
What should I do?
What represents good performance?
How good is good enough?
Importance of providing clear expectations for competence support
Communicating clear expectations, such as a goal to strive for or a standard of excellence to pursue, answers these questions so that the person knows what competence functioning looks like in this situation
It becomes clear what “a good performance” is
An optimal challenge asks:
Can you do this?
Do you have the skill and know-how to rise up and master the challenge built into this activity?
When does a person first experience challenge in an optimal challenge?
A goal or standard invites challenge, but a person does not experience challenge until they first begin to perform and receive a glimpse of feedback
It is at that point - facing a challenge and receiving initial performance feedback - that people report the psychological experience of being challenged
As people engage in an activity or pursue a goal, they wonder:
Am I doing this correctly?
Can I do this well?
How can I improve - how can I do better?
How can the doubts of people engaging in an activity be silenced?
By offering the performer progress-enabling guidance, how-to instruction, worked out examples, models to emulate, tips and strategies, mentoring, coaching, scaffolding, help and assistance, and well-timed suggestions, resources, and reminders
As people display their skill and generate work products, they wonder:
Is this any good?
What should I work on next?
How can I advance from good to great?
What does constructive feedback help people do?
Adjust and reorganize their strategies and performances into a clear path to future progress
What does lack of constructive feedback result in?
Without the benefit of a post-performance commentary, people find it difficult to judge their performances and products
Study flow model diagram
Do it
For the following psychological need, name the environmental condition that involves the need and the environmental condition that satisfies the need: Autonomy
Opportunities for self-direction
Autonomy support
For the following psychological need, name the environmental condition that involves the need and the environmental condition that satisfies the need: Competence
Optimal challenge: Progress-enabling guidance
Guidance and feedback
For the following psychological need, name the environmental condition that involves the need and the environmental condition that satisfies the need: Relatedness
Social interaction, pursue prosocial goal together
Partner responsiveness
What is the term when an individual achieves autonomy, competence, and relatedness?
Vitality / joie de vivre
Engagement model
Look at notes
