Chapter 7

Question 1

five aspects that make up emotions

Answer 1

• initial neural response
• subjective feelings (e.g. fear)
• physiological response (e.g. increased heart rate)
• thoughts
• desire to take action (e.g. running away)

Question 2

three psychological dimensions for understanding motivation

Answer 2

• intrinsic vs. extrinsic
• conscious vs. unconscious
• approach vs. avoidance

Question 3

the two types of strategies involved in emotional regulation

Answer 3

instinctive and learned

Question 4

three classic theories of emotion

Answer 4

• the James-Lange theory: physical sensations lead to subjective feelings
• the Cannon-Bard theory: physical sensations and subjective feelings occur simultaneously and independently during an emotional experience
• the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory: general arousal leads to assessment, which leads to subjective feelings

Question 5

The more emotional we are (especially for certain emotions), the ________ they are to control.

Answer 5

harder

Question 6

Maslow’s needs hierarchy (from bottom to top)

Answer 6

1. physiological needs (food, water, shelter, air)
2. safety and security needs
3. belongingness and love needs (community, relationships)
4. esteem needs (status, success)
5. need for self-actualization (self-improvement)

Question 7

brain damage and indecision

Answer 7

brain damage to emotional regions of the brain (e.g. the amygdala) can cause severe indecision

Question 8

Needs are often called…

Answer 8

drives

Question 9

Having emotions allows us to enjoy…

Answer 9

art

Question 10

People value ________ above wealth, fame, and even physical health.

Answer 10

social affiliation, love, and intimacy

Question 11

strategies for hiding emotions

Answer 11

• intensification: making emotions seem more severe than they actually are (e.g. laughing extra hard at a joke)
• de-intensification: making emotions seem less severe than they actually are (e.g. having a neutral face when angry)
• masking: the facial expression doesn’t equate to the true emotion being felt
• neutralizing: having a poker face (similar to de-intensification)

Question 12

the facial feedback hypothesis and the pencil-in-mouth experiment

Answer 12

Participants are asked to either hold a pencil with their lips (which prevents the activation of smiling muscles) or with their teeth (which activates smiling muscles). Participants are then asked to view a series of moderately funny cartoons and rated and how amusing they were. The teeth holding (smiling induction) participants rated the cartoons more positively than the lip holding (smiling inhibition) participants.

This experiment proves the facial feedback hypothesis; emotional facial expressions can affect emotional experiences.

Question 13

ways to catch fake facial expressions

Answer 13

• morphology: “reliable muscles” are resistant to conscious change (e.g. muscles around the eyes are hard to move consciously when smiling)
• symmetry: asymmetric facial gestures are often insincere
• duration: sincere facial gestures last between 0.5s to 5 s; gestures that are really short or really long may be insincere
• temporal patterning: microexpressions appear first and are sincere; sincere facial gestures appear and disappear gradually, whereas insincere facial gestures appear and disappear suddenly

Question 14

two basic needs humans share with other animals

Answer 14

nutrition and sex

Question 15

emotional self-regulation strategies in adults

Answer 15

• distraction
• suppression
• affect labelling; naming the emotion
• cognitive re-appraisal; changing the way one thinks about a stimulus (e.g. “I’m excited for class!” > “Class is so boring……”)

Question 16

Plato and Aristotle were…

Answer 16

hedonists

Question 17

Drives are satisfied with…

Answer 17

incentives

Question 18

the drives and incentives of nutrition and sex

Answer 18

• nutrition: drive = hunger, incentive = food
• sex: drive = reproduction, incentive = sex (pleasure)

Question 19

drive reduction

Answer 19

the state of relief and reward produced by removing the tension and arousal of a drive

Question 20

a primary way emotion affects our actions

Answer 20

it gives us information about something

Question 21

emotional self-regulation learned after 6 months of infancy

Answer 21

• self-soothing (e.g. talking to selves)
• increased gaze aversion
• locomotion (moving away from negative stimuli, or towards positive stimuli)

Question 22

approach vs. avoidance motivations

Answer 22

• approach motivations experience a positive outcome
• avoidance motivations experience a negative avoidance; these are often stronger than approach motivations

Question 23

bulimia nervosa

Answer 23

an eating disorder characterized by bingeing, purging, and having feelings of depression, disgust, and lost control

Question 24

core emotional expressions that are universal across cultures

Answer 24

• anger
• sadness
• happiness
• fear
• disgust
• surprise

Question 25

the Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 25

a description of the relationships among task complexity, arousal, and performance * for simple tasks, greater arousal leads to greater performance (e.g. outrunning a predator) * for complex tasks, arousal levels that are too high can interfere with performance (e.g. taking an exam)

Question 26

factors to deal with when regulating emotion

Answer 26

* internal feelings * emotion-related cognitions (inner thoughts) * emotion-related physiological processes * emotion-related behaviour

Question 27

the facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 27

emotional facial expressions can change an individual's emotional experience

Question 28

emotional self-regulation in 6 month old infants

Answer 28

* most regulation come from parents * basic gaze aversion occurs

Question 29

the hedonic principle

Answer 29

all motivation extends from attraction to pleasure and avoidance of pain

Question 30

binge-eating disorder

Answer 30

an eating disorder characterized by eating abnormally large amounts of food at one sitting and feeling that eating is out of control, without compensatory behaviours such as induced vomiting or the use of laxatives

Question 31

appraisal theory

Answer 31

the detection and assessment of stimuli that are relevant to personal well-being (e.g. bears don't automatically cause us to run, but it is the interpretation of the bear, that forms the critical starting point for the emotional cascade)

Question 32

emotion vs. reason

Answer 32

* emotion is reason; the two shouldn't be differentiated * "rational decisions" are emotional ones

Question 33

intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivations

Answer 33

* **intrinsic motivations** are actions that are inherently rewarding (e.g. hobbies, eating candy) * **extrinsic motivations** are actions that eventually lead to a separate reward, often social or monetary (e.g. shopping, which leads to food) * extrinsic motivations are often relatively weak in early childhood and non-human animals * dream jobs are both intrinsically and extrinsically motivational

Question 34

Darwin's universality hypothesis

Answer 34

facial expressions are evolved to aid in survival, and therefore may be somewhat universal in the human population

Question 35

arguments against the universality hypothesis

Answer 35

* different use of eye expression across cultures * many studies suffer confirmation bias; they are designed to confirm what is already believed

Question 36

achievement motivation

Answer 36

a desire to excel or outperform others

Question 37

supports for the universality hypothesis

Answer 37

* blind individuals smile similarly to sighted humans * 2 day old infants produce disgusted facial expressions similar to adults * isolated cultures evaluate facial expressions in the same way that non-isolated cultures do

Question 38

definition of motivation

Answer 38

the psychological reason for producing an action

Question 39

a major reason emotions exist

Answer 39

**protection:** the evolution of behaviour makes survival more likely

Question 40

display rules

Answer 40

a cultural norm that specifies when, where, and how a person should express an emotion (e.g. Japanese people show more emotion when alone than when in a group of strangers)

Question 41

the two dimensions of emotion (the circumplex model of emotion)

Answer 41

* valence (positive or negative) * psychological arousal (severity)

Question 42

emotion and the two-track brain

Answer 42

* **the thinking high road:** a stimulus activates the thalamus (which sends it to the sensory cortex) and the prefrontal cortex; both of these send the information to the amygdala, and then there is a resulting fear response (e.g. recognizing a friend that scared you) * **the speedy low road:** a stimulus activates the thalamus, the information is sent to the amygdala, and then there is a resulting fear response (e.g. running away from a bear)

Question 43

the two-stage evolution of emotions

Answer 43

1. expressions served an adaptive physiological function (e.g. scrunching a nose in disgust) 2. expressions are exaggerated to serve communicative factors; nonverbal forms of communication provided information to others long before spoken words

Question 44

Motivation is primarily driven by...

Answer 44

emotion

Question 45

anorexia nervosa

Answer 45

an eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of unusually low body weight and a distorted body image

Question 46

definition of emotion

Answer 46

a positive or negative experience in response to a stimulus and associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

Question 47

major brain structures related to emotion

Answer 47

* **the autonomic nervous system:** participates in the general arousal associated with emotional states * **the hypothalamus:** elicits many behaviours, including sexual behaviours, eating, drinking, and aggression * **the amygdala:** a relatively primitive part of the limbic system that quickly processes biologically relevant information * **the insula:** associated with many physical sensations, including blood pressure changes, breathlessness, and butterflies in the stomach * **the cingulate cortex:** a gateway between the amygdala, other subcortical structures, and the frontal areas of the cortex * **the basal ganglia:** participates in the generation of voluntary movement * **the prefrontal cortex:** a relatively advanced part fo the brain that slowly processes information rationally

Question 48

somatovisceral afference model of emotion (SAME)

Answer 48

a model of emotion in which simple emotions produce more precise physical sensations than ambiguous emotions (e.g. physical sensations associated with disgust are more precise than physical sensations associated with pride)