Chapter 10 Flashcards
The Thinking Mind: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
1
Q
the Sapir-Worf hypothesis of linguistic relativity
A
the language we speak influences our perceptions and cognitions
2
Q
the types of questions on a specific IQ test are dependent on these two things
A
age and location
3
Q
the fastest way to produce language learning in infants
A
social (two-way) interaction: language evolved to allow communication
4
Q
Carroll’s three-stratum theory of intelligence
A
- general intelligence (g): an individual’s overall intelligence (general ability; stratum III)
- basic intelligence: fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, general memory and learning, etc. (broad abilities; stratum II)
- a set of testable specific abilities: memory, language, etc. (narrow abilities; stratum I)
5
Q
six parts of language
A
- phonemes: smallest unit of speech
- morphemes: a meaningful unit of speech
- semantics: words
- syntax: rules governing how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases
- pragmatics: changing the meaning of words without changing the words themselves (e.g. tone, context)
- meta-linguistics: the study of language
6
Q
naming facility
A
- used for IQ tests for 5 year olds
- e.g. “What is going on in this picture?”
7
Q
Binet invented the first IQ test using…
A
trial and error
8
Q
giftedness
A
IQ score of 130 or more
9
Q
this continent is most likely the origin of the first human langauges
A
Africa
10
Q
Galton’s work was heavily influenced by Darwin’s (his cousin) belief in…
A
eugenics: the belief that selective human breeding can improve the genetic makeup of the human species, eradicating genetic defects and other undesirable characteristics
11
Q
what newer data suggests the connection between salaries and intelligence/education was
A
education is a better factor towards higher salaries, than intelligence
12
Q
IQ tests are designed to have a mean score of…
A
100
13
Q
myths about bilingualism, and the truths
A
- bilinguals have worse vocabulary skills in the individual languages than monoliguals have in their one language: bilinguals have equal, if not better, vocabulary skills
- bilinguals confuse their two languages (which is why they switch between them): bilinguals don’t confuse between their two languages, and there is a multitude of reasons for switching between langauges
- bilinguals always have a “primary” language that they are the best at: bilinguals can be equally proficient in both languages
14
Q
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
A
- Gardner suggested that people have eight types of intelligence necessary for functioning and survival
- measured with self-report measures and behavioural observation, rather than aptitude (IQ) tests
15
Q
formal definitions of “intelligence”
A
- the ability to learn or understand, or to deal with new and challenging situations
- the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one’s environment
- the ability to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria
16
Q
Broca’s aphasia vs. Wernicke’s aphasia
A
- Broca’s aphasia affects the production of speech (i.e. slow, meaningful speech)
- Wernicke’s aphasia affects the comprehension of speech (i.e. fast, meaningless speech)
17
Q
the three intelligences that are tested on IQ tests
A
- linguistic intelligence
- logical-mathematical intelligence
- visuospatial intelligence
18
Q
evidence of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
A
- different areas of intelligence have different developmental patterns (emerge at different ages)
- damage to a specific part of the brain may only impact one type of intelligence
19
Q
the smallest number of phonemes needed to make a morpheme
A
one (e.g. /ai/ in “I”, /ə/ in “a”)
20
Q
intellectual disability
A
IQ score below 70 and poor adaptive behaviours
21
Q
two things that make human language unique
A
- symbols: arbitary paintings between a word and its representation (e.g. the sound of the word “cat” isn’t representative of anything about cats
- generativity: the ability to make up brand new sentences that others can understand
22
Q
IQ scores and the normal distribution
A
- 0.13%: score of 0 to 55
- 2.14%: score of 55 to 70
- 13.59%: score of 70 to 85
- 34.13%: score of 85 to 100
- 34.13%: score of 100 to 115
- 13.59%: score of 115 to 130
- 2.14%: score of 130 to 145
- 0.13%: score of 145 to 200
23
Q
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
A
analytical, creative, and practical abilities combine to allow people to achieve success
24
Q
the French psychometrist to invent the first IQ test
A
Alfred Binet
25
what older data suggested the connection between salaries and intelligence/education was
more intelligence = higher wages
26
Kyle Danielson's (PSYA02 professor) definition of "intelligence"
a set of abilities that increase an organism's likelihood of survival and reproduction
27
Syntactical rules differ across...
languages
28
the gene mutation that is likely to have marked the start of modern-day language
the *FOXP-2* gene
29
aphasia
the loss of the ability to speak or understand language
30
IQ tests are designed to have a standard deviation of...
15
31
the eight intelligences
* **linguistic intelligence:** awareness of language
* **logical-mathematical intelligence:** awareness of arithmetic and calculations
* **musical-rhythmic intelligence:** awareness of musical concepts (e.g. rhythms, notes)
* **nature intelligence:** awareness of the natural environment
* **body-kinesthetic intelligence:** awareness of one's physical body and its capabilities (e.g. hand-eye coordination, balance)
* **visuospatial intelligence:** awareness of visual information
* **interpersonal intelligence:** social intelligence (awareness of others)
* **intrapersonal intelligence:** personal intelligence (self-awareness)
32
three types of success intelligence can predict
* academic success
* economic success
* occupational success
33
three things the Binet-Simon intelligence test (1904) consisted of
* puzzles
* object naming
* counting
34
the three major patterns of animal communication
* signals for danger and territory
* signals conveying magnitude (e.g. bee dances)
* sequences of behaviour (birdsong)
35
the number of morphemes in the word "unfairly"
**three** (un-fair-ly)
36
the relations between the eight intelligences
all eight intelligences are unrelated
37
intelligence quotient (IQ)
a measure of individual intelligence relative to a statistically **normal curve** (normal distribution)
38
three sources of intelligence
* **genetics:** IQ scores are more similar between identical twins than fraternal twins
* **family environment:** higher IQ scores correlate to *protective factors* (e.g. high parental involvement), whereas lower IQ scores correlate to *risk factors* (e.g. low socioeconomic status)
* **education:** school improves children's intelligence; for kids that aren't distracted with extracurriculars, IQ scores are higher during the school year than the summer
39
ideational fluency
* used on IQ tests for 7 year olds
* e.g. "When you see the word 'plant', what else do you think of? Name as many words as you can."
40
Morphemes, with the help of syntax, combine to form
sentences and phrases
41
divisions of intellectual disability
* **mild intellectual disability (cultural-familial intellectual disability) (IQ score of 55-70):** the result of preventable environmental causes (e.g. poverty)
* **moderate intellectual disability (IQ score of 40-55):** the result of genetic conditions (e.g. Down syndrome)
* **severe intellectual disability (IQ score of 25-40):** the result of serious medical conditions in infancy
42
why Alfred Binet invented the IQ test
* employed by the French government
* wanted to see if there was correlation between children carrying out certain tasks and academic performance
43
Sternberg's augmented theory of successful intelligence
success depends on the creation of new ideas (**creativity**), evaluation of said ideas (**analytic ability**), ability to implement said ideas and convince others of their usefulness (**practicality**), and the ability to ensure said ideas serve a common good (**wisdom**)
44
the number of vowels in the English vocabulary
11 spoken, 5 written
45
another name for syntactical rules
grammar
46
the number of morphemes in the word "texting"
**two** (text-ing)
47
the founder of psychometrics
Sir Francis Galton
48
bilingual executive advantage (BEA)
bilingual speakers have improved executive function capabilities, due to them often engaging in cognitive tasks such as switching between languages and inhibiting one language when speaking the other
49
psychometrics
a branch of psychology concerned with the objective measurement of mental abilities and other attributes
50
Morphemes are a combination of...
phonemes
51
the Flynn effect
IQ test scores have been increasing, possibility due to improvements in nutritition, healthcare, and education
52
Consonants and vowels are examples of...
phonemes
53
50th percentile definition
* the 50th percentile is the median
* if you are of the 50th percentile, you are greater than 50% of people
54
dyslexia
difficulty in learning to read (despite intelligence and adequate teaching)
55
emotional intelligence
the ability to reason about emotions, and to use emotions to enhance reasoning
* detection and identification of emotions
* description of emotions
* regulation of emotions
56
code switching
switching back and forth between languages with someone who speaks both; common in heritage bilingualism
57
Prefixes and suffixes are examples of...
morphemes
58
the number of morphemes in the word "giraffe"
**one** (giraffe)
59
three examples of modern IQ tests
* Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
* Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
* Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
60
the problem with IQ tests
they don't capture all forms of intelligence
61
All languages use a subset of...
**phonemes;** a singular language doesn't use every single phoneme to exist
62
two divisions of general intelligence (two examples of basic intelligence)
* **fluid intelligence:** the ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge (e.g. seeing patterns in a visual stimulus)
* **crystallized intelligence:** the ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge (e.g. multiplication tables)
63
the four types of bilingualism
* **simultaneous (early) bilingualism:** learning two languages from birth (most fluency)
* **sequential bilingualism:** learning one language first, and a second language later
* **heritage bilingualism:** understanding the language your family (i.e. grandparents) speaks, but not totally fluent when speaking
* **adult second-language bilingualism:** learning a second language after the critical period of language has ended, probably not super comfortable in said second language
64
The higher the emotional intelligence, the ____ hard the brain works when solving emotional problems.
less
65
the number of morphemes in the word "me"
**one** (me)
66
the number of morphemes in the word "overwhelmingly"
**four** (over-whelm-ing-ly)
67
"the rich get richer" hypothesis, and an example with intelligence
* those with advantages/disadvantages, tend to accumulate more advantages/disadvantages (respectively) over time
* e.g. the effects of intelligence are **self-perpetuating**: high intelligence → success → more opportunites → more success...
