Chapter 7

Question 1

Which sampling techniques allow generalizing from a sample to population of interest?

Answer 1

Random Sampling techniques (not just sample size) as they lead to unbiased estimates of a population. Probability sampling techniques can also result in a representative sample.

Question 2

Which sampling techniques do NOT allow generalizing from a sample to population of interest?

Answer 2

Nonrandom and self-selected samples do not represent the population as they are biased. They can be obtained when a researcher samples only those easy to reach or those who are more willing to participate.

Question 3

What does the quality of a frequency claim depend on?

Answer 3

The ability to generalise from the sample to the population of interest

Question 4

What does it mean when a sample is externally valid?

Answer 4

When it is unbiased, generalizable or representative

Question 5

What probability sampling techniques are there?

Answer 5

1. Simple random sampling - Choosing a random selection of a population with randomised methods
2. Cluster sampling - Clusters of participants within a population are randomly selected and then individuals in each cluster are used.
3. Multistage sampling - A random sample of clusters and then a random sample of people in those clusters are selected
4. Stratified random sampling - when the researcher selects particular strata and randomly selects individuals in those categories - proportionate to the population
5. Combination of these sampling techniques -
6. Systematic sampling - Choosing randomly in a systematic way (like picking every 4th person in a line)

Question 6

What nonprobability sampling techniques are there?

Answer 6

1. Convenience sampling - Using a sample of people who are easy to contact and readily available to participate
2. Purposive sampling - when only wanting to study certain kinds of people, therefore recruiting only those participants.
3. Snowball sampling - to find rare individuals, where participants are asked to recommend acquaintances for the study
4. Quota sampling - where the researcher indentifies subsets of the population of interests and then sets a target number for each category in the sample
   *they do now allow generalising from a sample to a population

Question 7

What is oversampling?

Answer 7

When a researcher intentionally overrepresents one or more groups in a sample.

Question 8

Whats the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

Answer 8

In random sampling, it is down when a researcher creates a sample using a random method. Random assignment is only in experimental designs where researchers place participants randomly in different treatment groups. One concerns, external validity, the other internal.