Chapter 1

Question 1

Explain what it means to reason empirically

Answer 1

To base conclusions on systematic, unbiased, direct and formal observations of the world

Question 2

How do psychological research methods make one a better producer and consumer of research?

Answer 2

They make one:
1. Develop the ability to work in research laboratories and make new discoveries
2. Able to find, read and evaluate the research behind important policies, therapies, and workplace decisions.

Question 3

What are the 5 habits that define the work of scientists?

Answer 3

1. They act as empiricists in their investigations
2. They test theories through research, revising if necessary based on resulting data
3. They follow scientific norms
4. They take an empirical approach to applied and basic research
5. They make their work public

Question 4

What is the theory-data cycle?

Answer 4

Where researchers propose theories, make hypotheses (predictions) and collect data.

Question 5

What makes a good scientific theory?

Answer 5

It has to be supported by data and is falsifiable. You can never say a theory is proven, but well established/supported

Question 6

What is the difference between applied researchers, translational researchers and basic researchers?

Answer 6

Applied researchers address real-world problems and basic researchers work for a general understanding of a topic. Translational researchers attempt to translate the findings of basic research into applied areas.

Question 7

What are the four norms scientists should follow?

Answer 7

1. Universalism - scientific claims are evaluated according to merit, independent of the background of a researcher.
2. Communality - scientific knowledge is created by a community and its findings belong to the community.
3. Disinterestedness - scientists strive to discover the truth, not being swayed by conviction, idealism, politics or profit
4. Organised skepticism - scientists questions everything, including their own theories, widely accepted ideas and ancient “wisdom”

Question 8

What is the publication process like?

Answer 8

Scientists publish research in journals after a peer-review process (leads to sharper thinking and improved communication) after of which can be approved or criticised by the scientific community

Question 9

What is the role of journalists in the scientific community?

Answer 9

They are writers for popular media who transform scientific studies for the general public but dont always get it right. It is best to check the research they cite and think critically of their writing.

Question 10

What is empiricism?

Answer 10

Using evidence from the senses or from instruments as a basis for conclusions