Chapter 14 Flashcards
Why is it essential for a study to be replicated?
It is important for statistical validity,
What are replication studies?
Replication studies determine whether the findings of
an original study are reproducible.
What is a direct replication?
A direct replication repeats the original study exactly.
What is a conceptual replication?
A conceptual replication has the same conceptual variables as the original study but operationalizes the variables differently.
What is a replication-plus-extension study?
Replication-plus-extension study
repeats the original study and introduces new partici-
pant variables, situations, or independent variable levels.
What are replication projects?
Replication projects coordinate labs around the world to conduct direct replication studies of between one and several psychological studies at a time.
What is a meta-analysis?
Meta-analysis collects and mathematically averages the effect sizes from all studies that have tested then same variables. It helps quantify whether an effect exists in the literature and, if so, its size and what moderates it.
What are some examples of questionable research practices?
- Underreporting null results -
- p-hacking -
- HARKing -
These produce findings that cannot be replicated
How can questionable research practices be mitigated?
Many psychological scientists now promote open data, open materials, and preregistration to strengthen the verifiability and replicability of studies.
When is external validity important?
The importance of external validity depends on whether researchers are operating in generalization mode or theory-testing mode.
What is theory-testing mode?
In theory-testing mode, researchers design studies that test a theory, leaving the generalization step for later studies, which will test whether the theory holds in a sample that is representative of another population.
What is generalisation mode?
In generalization mode, researchers focus on whether
their samples are representative, whether the data from their sample apply to the population of interest, and even whether the data might apply to a new
population of interest.
How does generalisation mode apply to the 3 claims?
Researchers who make frequency claims are always in
generalization mode. Researchers are also in generalzation mode when asking whether an association or causal claim can be generalized to a different group of people.
What have cultural psychologists discovered about generalisability?
They discovered that basic psychological discoveries in cognitive or visual processes are not always applicable cross-culturally
How do laboratory studies deal with generalisation?
Labratory studies conducted in theory-testing mode might have strong experimental realism even if they do not resemble real- world situations outside the lab. Yet the data from such artificial settings help researchers test theories in the most internally valid way possible, and the results may still be important
and apply to real-world circumstances.
