chapter 7

Question 1

arousal

Answer 1

global physiological and psychological state of the organism from deep sleep to hyper alertness (ie fear)

Question 2

selective attention

Answer 2

the ability to prioritize and attend to some things and not others

Question 3

bottom up processing

Answer 3

“what am I seeing”
- taking sensory info and then assembling/integrating it

Question 4

top down processing

Answer 4

“is that something I have seen before?”
- using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory info
- steered by goals and priorities

Question 5

unilateral spatial neglect

Answer 5

where the brains attention network is damaged in one hemisphere

Question 6

which hemisphere has more severe and persistent effects with unilateral spatial neglect

Answer 6

right hemisphere

Question 7

line cancellation test

Answer 7

neuropsychological test to diagnose neglect
- patient is given a paper with horizontal lines, and the patient is supposed to draw lines to make it an even cross -> patients with unilateral neglect will either miss lines to the left and/or put their line more to the right

Question 8

are problems of neglect associated with attention or sensation?

Answer 8

attention

Question 9

What can neglect affect?

Answer 9

ability to accurately cross lines, copy a picture, imagination and memory,

Question 10

extinction

Answer 10

failure to respond to a stimuli when presented with a stimulus unilateral to the lesion

Question 11

Balints Syndrome

Answer 11

caused by bilateral damage to regions of the posterior parietal and occipital cortex
- severe disturbance of visual attention and awareness
- basically only one object is perceived even when it is with multiple

Question 12

3 main deficits of Balints syndrome

Answer 12

-simultanagnosia
-ocular apraxia
-optic ataxia

Question 13

simultanagnosia

Answer 13

inability to perceive more than one object at a time

Question 14

ocular apraxia

Answer 14

absence or deficit of controlled eye movement

Question 15

optic ataxia

Answer 15

inaccuracy of visually guided hand movements

Question 16

difference between neglect and balints syndrome

Answer 16

-which brain area is damaged
- neglect is unilateral lesions of parietal, posterior temporal, and frontal cortex
- Balint’s is from bilateral occipitoparietal lesions

Question 17

two types of attention

Answer 17

voluntary and reflexive

Question 18

voluntary attention

Answer 18

endogenous
- top down thinking
- goal driven
- consciously choosing one thing over another

Question 19

reflexive attention

Answer 19

exogenous
- bottom up thinking
- sensory related info
- can fade if sensory info is thought to be unimportant

Question 20

overt attention

Answer 20

looking directly at something while paying attention

Question 21

covert attention

Answer 21

looking at something else while paying attention to one tjng

Question 22

Helmholtz experiment

Answer 22

-investigated covert attention
- proved you can pay attention covertly while keeping your eye on another stimulus

Question 23

neglect is to ____ as Balints is to _____

Answer 23

unilateral; bilateral

Question 24

cocktail party affect

Answer 24

by selectively attending, you can perceive the signal of interest amid the other noises
- when talking to someone at a party you can still comprehend another salient stimulus
- late selection

Question 25

dichotic listening task

Answer 25

participants could not report any details of the speech in the unattended ear except if the speaker was male or female
- shows that voluntary attention affects what is processed
- early selection

Question 26

bottleneck information processing

Answer 26

stages through which only limited amount of information can pass

Question 27

broadbent

Answer 27

-said info processing has processinf bottlenecks
- early selection

Question 28

early selection

Answer 28

a stimulus can be selected for further processing or be tossed out as irrelevant before perceptual anaylsis of the stimulus is complete
- wrong

Question 29

late selection

Answer 29

perceptual system first processes all inputs equally, then selection takes place at higher stages of info processing that determine whether the stimuli gain access to awareness, are encoded in memory, or initiate a response

Question 30

triesman

Answer 30

proposed info from an unattended channel was not completely blocked from higher analysis, but degraded or attenuated instead
- late selection

Question 31

posner

Answer 31

spatial cuing paradigm
- measured the effect of attention on info processing to examine how participants respond to target stimuli under differing conditions of attention

Question 32

endogenous cuing

Answer 32

the orienting of attention to a cue is voluntary

Question 33

exogenous cuing

Answer 33

stimuli automatically captures attention because of its features

Question 34

Costs and benefits of attention

Answer 34

when looking at a valid cue, the benefits of attention are a faster response

when looking at an invalid/neutral cue, the costs of attention are longer reaction times

Question 35

inhibition of return

Answer 35

inability to return attention to a location to a task irrelevant cue because your brain recognizes its not salient

Question 36

pop out search

Answer 36

only one target is a different color/letter, does not increase reaction time

Question 37

conjunction search

Answer 37

multiple targets are different colors/letters, does increase reaction time

Question 38

feature integration theory

Answer 38

miscombining features when your attention is focused on something else