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Neu 223 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Two concepts that under lie the cognitive approach

A
  • Information processing depends on internal representations.
  • These mental representations undergo internal transformations.
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2
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Provides focal stimulation of brain noninvasively; directly stimulates neurons
- produced at either high (excitatory) or low (inhibitory) frequencies

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3
Q

What do CAT, MRI, and DTI all do?

A

Give information on structure of the brain

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4
Q

MRI

A

Maps brain areas in detail using magnetic properties of atoms that make up organic tissue

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5
Q

CAT

A

Inject dye into blood and pass x-rays through the head; allows 3D reconstruction

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6
Q

DTI

A

Neuroimaging that uses an MRI to image all white matter pathways (Myelination)

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7
Q

What do EEG, ECoG, Single-cell recording, and MEG have in common?

A

They all measure neural activity

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8
Q

Single-cell recording

A

Used to monitor the activity of individual neurons; measures change in membrane potential
-invasive technique using electrodes

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9
Q

MultiUnit recording

A

An array of electrodes is inserted into the brain to help understand the activity of many cells

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10
Q

ECoG

A

A grid of strip electrodes is inserted in the brain to help understand the activity of many cells
-invasive

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11
Q

Are single cell recordings, ECoG, and multiunit recordings invasive or noninvasive?

A

invasive

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12
Q

EEG

A

Surface recording made from electrodes placed on scalp; good for temporal resolution

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13
Q

MEG

A

Measures magnetic signals generated by the brain
- magnetic detectors are placed on the scalp that measure the electrical activity of neurons
- noninvasive

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14
Q

What is hemodynamic response?

A

Detect change in blood flow

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15
Q

PET

A

Measure metabolic activity or blood flow changes in the brain by monitoring the distribution of a radioactive tracker

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16
Q

fMRI

A

Utilizes an MRI to track blood flow changes in the brain that may be correlated with local neural changes

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17
Q

Event-related potentials-

A

A change in electrical activity that is time-locked to specific events such as the presentation of a stimulus or
onset of a response
- measured by EEG

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18
Q

What two imaging techniques exemplify hemodynamic response?

A

PET and fMRI

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19
Q

Block design

A

Experimental design that consist of blocks of multiple trials of the same type

20
Q

DBS (deep brain stimulation)

A

Surgical implants of a microelectrode
directly in the brain.
- used for depression, OCD, other life altering disorders
- last resort

21
Q

optogenetics

A

A technique (viral transduction) that allows researchers to turn on activity in targeted neurons by a device that shines a light within the brain by using a specially manipulated virus to insert light-sensitive proteins into
the membrane of a given type of neuron.

22
Q

knockout procedure

A

Scientists manipulate a specific gene (or set of genes) such that it
does not express itself, and then study the knockout strains to explore the consequences of this change.

23
Q

agonist

A

drug that binds to the receptor, producing a similar response to the intended chemical and receptor

24
Q

antagonist

A

drug that binds to the receptor either on the primary site, or on another site, which all together stops the receptor from producing a response.

25
Q

DAI (diffuse axonal injury)

A

The twisting, buckling, or distortion of the white matter that occurs with an injury disrupts the axonal cytoskeleton and thus also axonal transport.

26
Q

What is the best way to diagnose neurodegenerative diseases?

A

fMRI

27
Q

ischemia

A

-type of stroke
-caused by blood clot that prevents blood flow to the brain

28
Q

hemorrhage

A

-type of stroke
-blood vessel ruptures that causes blood to leak into brain tissue

29
Q

Word Superiority Effect

A

Reicher
- In this experiment, participants briefly see a stimulus and then decide which of two target letters (e.g., A or E) they saw. The stimulus is a word, a nonsense string, or a string in which every letter is an X except for the target letter.
- showed that it was most accurate for real words

30
Q

mental representation

A

The way in which information is stored, processed, and used by the mind.
- Even with simple stimuli, the mind derives multiple representations.
ex) Letter matching task

31
Q

Letter matching task

A

Posner
- Had participants look at two letters and then choose a button based on what category they thought they were in
- physical identity was the fastest and same category with both consonants was the longest
-illustrated mental representations/operations

32
Q

Independent Variable

A
  • variable that gets changed
  • x axis
33
Q

Dependent Variable

A
  • variable that gets measured
  • y axis
34
Q

internal transformations

A

Mental representations undergo internal transformations.
* Memory alters how we perceive something.
* Info processing also subject to attentional constraints.

35
Q

Sternberg’s Memory Comparison Task

A

Said that four primary mental operations are completed serially:
1. Encoding (identifying)
2. Comparing
3. Deciding
4. Responding

36
Q

Serial Processing vs Parallel Processing

A

Serial is processing one thing at a time where parallel is processing multiple things at once

37
Q

Stroop Task

A

colors and words
- trying to say the color of the word while the word is also a color; showed that reading interferes with other cognitive tasks

38
Q

neuropsychologists

A

investigate the relationship
between brain function and behavior, often examining
how injuries, diseases, or other conditions affect cognitive processes and behavior.

39
Q

How much oxygen does the brain use? How much mass does it take up?

A

20%; 2%

40
Q

Is gray or white matter affected by TBIs

A

Both white and gray matter is affected

41
Q

What are some consequences of TBI?

A

Edema (swelling) around the lesion (limited space within the skull causes an increase in the intracranial pressure, in turn reducing the perfusion pressure and flow of blood throughout the brain. This could result in ischemia or the emergence of secondary lesions.

42
Q

What can TBI/concussions or even mild TBIs lead to ?

A

neurodegenerative diseases

43
Q

Lesion studies

A

assume that brain injury disturbs or eliminates the
processing ability of the affected structure.

44
Q

single vs double dissociations

A

Establishing a single dissociation between two functions provides limited and potentially misleading information, whereas a double dissociation can conclusively demonstrate that the two functions are localized in different areas of the brain.

45
Q

Pharmacological study

A

An experimental method in which the independent variable is the administration of a chemical agent or drug

46
Q

advantages and disadvantages of TMS

A

Advantages: Safe way to disrupt the activity of the brain, Within-subjects design
Disadvantages: Poor spatial resolution, Inconsistent results

47
Q

When a brain area becomes more active, two relevant changes occur:

A
  1. Blood vessels dilate to allow more blood flow to the area.
  2. As the brain area uses oxygen, the percentage of hemoglobin
    with oxygen decreases.

Neu 223 (7 decks)

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