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Cellular and Molecular Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cellular Membrana is…

A

Selectively permeable

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2
Q

Amphipathic

A

Has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

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3
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

The membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

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4
Q

Evolution of Differences in Membrane Lipid Composition

A

Evolution led to differences in lipid composition (e.g. fish in icy-cold water have a high proportion of unsaturated hydrocarbon tails, enabling the membrane to stay fluid. Bacteria in extreme heats and their composition allows them to stay fluid in that heat. Some organisms can change their composition in places where temperatures vary)

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5
Q

Transmembrane Protein

A

Span the whole membrane

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6
Q

Integral Proteins

A

penetrate the bilayer but do not go all the way through

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7
Q

N-terminus

A

On the extracellular side of a transmembrane protein

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8
Q

C-terminus

A

On the cytoplasmic side of the transmembrane protein

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9
Q

Transport

A

Can consist of a transport channel protein or a protein that changes shape to move molecules across the membrane

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10
Q

Enzymatic activity

A

A protein in the membrane could be an enzyme with the active site exposed to the substances in the adjacent solution

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11
Q

Signal transduction

A

A membrane protein may have a binding site with a specific shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger, such as a hormone which may cause the protein to change shape, allowing it to relay a message to the inside of the cell

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12
Q

Cell-cell recognition

A

some glycol-proteins serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by membrane proteins of other cells (Shorter bonding)

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13
Q

Intercellular joining

A

membrane proteins of adjacent cells may hook together in various kinds of auctions (gap junctions or tight junctions) (Longer bonding)

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14
Q

Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

Microfilaments or other elements of the cytoskeleton may be noncovalently bound to membrane proteins which helps maintain cell shape and stabilizes the location the location of certain membrane proteins. Proteins bound to ECM molecules can coordinate extracellular and intracellular changes

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15
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Proteins bound to the surface of the membrane

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16
Q

glycolipid

A

A membrane carbohydrate that is bound to a lipid

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17
Q

glycoprotein

A

A membrane carbohydrate that is bound to a protein

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18
Q

Synthesis and sidedness of membranes

A

Membranes have distinct inside and outside faces (the two lipid layers may differ in composition and each protein has directional orientation)

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19
Q

Selective permeability

A

The ability to allow some substances to cross the membrane more easily than others

20
Q

Transport Proteins

A

allows the passage of hydrophilic substances through the membrane

21
Q

aquaporins

A

Channels proteins that greatly facilitate the transport of water molecules

22
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Bind to molecules and change their shape to get them across the membrane

23
Q

Passive transport

A

Uses diffusion and requires no energy

24
Q

diffusion

A

The movement of any substance so that they spread out into the available space

25
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases

26
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

27
Q

Tonicity

A

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.The tonicity of a solution depends on its concentration of solutes that cannot cross the membrane relative to that inside the cell

28
Q

Isotonic

A

Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane

29
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; the cell loses water

30
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; the cell gains water

31
Q

Osmoregulation

A

the control of solute concentrations and water balance

32
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane

33
Q

Ion channels

A

channels that transport ions

34
Q

Gated channels

A

open or close in response to a stimulus

35
Q

Active transport

A

requires energy, usually in the form of ATP hydrolysis, to move substances against their concentration gradients

36
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

an animal cell has a much higher potassium (K+) and a much lower sodium (Na+)concentration compared to its surroundings. This is controlled by the sodium-potassium pump, a transport protein that is energized by transfer of a phosphate group from the hydrolysis of ATP

37
Q

Membrane potential

A

the voltage across a membrane (-50 to -200 millivolts (mV) and is negative relative to the outside). Voltage is created by differences in the distribution of positive and negative ions across a membrane. The cytoplasmic side of the membrane is negative in charge relative to the extracellular side

38
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane (A chemical force [the ion’s concentration gradient] An electrical force [the effect of the membrane potential on the ion’s movement])

39
Q

Proton pump

A

The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria which actively transports hydrogen ions (H+) out of the cell

40
Q

Cotransport

A

occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances

41
Q

Exocytosis

A

When the cell secretes certain molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane

42
Q

Endocytosis

A

The cell takes. in molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles form the plasma membrane

43
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A cell engulfs a particle by extending pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a membranous sac called a food vacuole. The particle will be digested when the vacuole fuses with a lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes

44
Q

Pinocytosis

A

A cell continually “gulps” droplets of extracellular fluid into. tiny vesicles, formed by infolding of the plasma membrane. The cell obtains to molecules dissolved in the droplets. Nonspecific for the substances it transports

45
Q

Receptor-mediated cytosis

A

A specialized type of pinocytosis that enables the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances. Proteins with receptor sites in the membrane react when specific solutes bind to the receptors. The receptor proteins then cluster into coated pits and form vesicles containing the bound solute

Cellular and Molecular Biology (10 decks)

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