Chapter 5 Flashcards
polymer
a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (built by monomers)
Monomer
One single molecule that, with others, becomes a polymer
Dehydration reaction
Assembles monomers into polymers (H2O is taken out)
Hydrolysis
Disassembles polymers into monomers (H2O is put in)
Sugars
Form rings
Monosaccharides
simple sugars (Formulas will be a multiple of CH2O) that serve as fuel and building blocks for molecules. Glucose is the most common
What is the most common Monosaccharide
glucose (C6H12O6)
Aldoses
Has a carbonyl group at the end of the chain
Ketoses
Has one ketone group per molecule
Disaccharides
Formed when dehydration joins two monosaccharides
Glycosidic linkage
The covalent bond that joins two sugars together
Polysaccharides
The polymers of sugars - function and structure is based on the sugar monomers and positions of glycosidic linkages
What are the storage polysaccharides
Starch and Glycogen
Starch
Storage polysaccharide in plants which consists of glucose monomers
What are the two parts of starch polymers
Amylose (unbranched) and Amylopectin (somewhat branched)
Glycogen
Storage polysaccharide in animals that is extremely branched
What are the structural polysaccharides
Cellulose and Chitin
Cellulose
Glucose polymer in plant cell walls - linkages differ based on the alpha and beta ring structures
What ring structure is this
Alpha Glucose
What ring structure is this
Beta Glucose
What kind of linkage is this
Starch: 1-4 linkages of alpha glucose monomers
What kind of linkage is this
cellulose: 1-4 linkages of beta glucose monomers
Chitin
Structural polysaccharides found in arthropod exoskeletons and provides structure for the cell walls of fungi
Lipids
Hydrophobic - doesn’t include true polymers (not composed of the same monomers)
Fats
Energy storage - made of glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol
three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
Triacylglycerol
Three fatty acids banded to a glycerol with an ester linkage
Saturated fatty acid
maximum hydrogen atoms and NO DOUBLE BONDS - solids mostly (animal fats)
Unsaturated fatty acids
has one or more double bonds - liquids mostly (plants and fish fats)
What are the two types of Unsaturated fatty acids
Cis and Trans
What type of unsaturated fatty acid is this
Cis-fatty acid
What type of unsaturated fatty acid is this
Trans-fatty acid
Phospholipids
Two fatty acids and one phosphate group attached to glycerol that self assemble into bilayers in water
What part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic
fatty acids
What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic
Phosphate group
Steroids
Four fused carbon rings with a hydrocarbon side-chain
Cholesterol
A type of steroid used to synthesize other steroids
Polypeptide
built from amino acids, a protein is one or more polypeptides
Amino acid monomers
nucleotides (A-T/U, C-G)
20 amino acids
organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups and a carbon in the middle
What amino acid group is this
Amino group
What amino acid group is this
Carboxyl group
Peptide bond
covalent bond (uses dehydration) that links amino acids
What is denaturation
When a protein losses its native structure (A denatured protein is biologically inactive)
What is the primary structure of proteins
The amino acid chain (1D)
What is the secondary structure of proteins
Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet (2D)
What is the tertiary structure of proteins
Three-dimensional folds (3D) (A polypeptide)
What is the quaternary structure of proteins
The Association of two or more polypeptides (4D)
What are the four stages of structure in proteins
1) Primary
2) Secondary
3) Tertiary
4) Quaternary
Which three stages of structure of proteins always happens
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
Ribonucleic acid
RNA
What is a nucleotide
Made up of a nitrogenous base (A-T/U, C-G), a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group
Gene expression
DNA directs synthesis of mRNA and, through mRNA, control the protein synthesized
What are the two families of nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidine and Purine
Pyrimidine
single, six-membered ring (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)
Purine
Six-membered ring fused to a five membered ring (adenine and guanine)
What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose
A ribose had an OH molecule on the 2’ (found in RNA) and a deoxyribose has a H molecule on the 2’ (found in DNA)
